ch 1-5 Flashcards by Janaye Hanaoka

glands are derived from

epithelial tissue

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cells joined tightly together are characteristic of

epithelial tissue

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cells are separated by large extracellular spaces in

connective tissue

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blood vessels and nerves are usually located within

connective tissue

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most organs are composed of

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
ALL OF THESE

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sweat is secreted by exocrine glands. this means that

it is secreted into a duct

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which of these statements about homeostasis is TRUE

negative feedback mechanisms act to correct deviations from a normal range within the internal environment

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in a negative feedback loop, the effector organ produces changes that are

opposite in direction to the change produced by the initial stimulus

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a hormone called parathyroid hormone acts to help raise the blood calcium concentrations. according o the principals of negative feedback, an effective stimulus for the parathyroid hormone secretion would be

fall in blood calcium

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which of these consists of dense parallel arrangements of collagen fibers

tendons

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the act of breathing raises the blood oxygen level, lowers the blood carbon dioxide level, and raises blood pH. according to the principals of negative feedback, sensors that regulate breathing should respond to

a raise in carbon dioxide concentration

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adult stem cells such as those in the bone marrow, brain, or hair follicles can best be describes as _____, whereas embryonic stem cells are described as _____

multipotent, pluripotent

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which of these statements about atoms are TRUE

they are electrically neutral

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the bond between oxygen and hydrogen in a water molecule is

a polar covalent bond

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which of these is a nonpolar covalent bond

bond between two carbons

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solution A has a pH of 2, and solution B has a pH of 10. which of these statements about these solutions is TRUE

Solution A has a higher H+ concentration than B
Solution B is basic
Solution A is acidic
ALL OF THESE

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glucose is

a monosaccharide

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digestion reactions occur by means of

hydrolysis

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carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of

glycogen

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lecithin is a

phospholipid

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which of these lipids have regulatory roles in the body

steroids

prostaglandins

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the tertiary structure of a protein is directly determined by

the primary structure of the protein

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the type of bond formed between two molecules of water is a

hydrogen bond

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the carbon to nitrogen bond that joins amino acids together is called

a peptide bond

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The RNA nucleotide base that pairs with adenine in DNA is

uracil

if four bases in one DNA strand are AGCT the complementary bases in the RNA strand made from this region are

UCGA

according to the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membranse

proteins are free to move within the double layer of the phospholipids

after the DNA molecule has replicated itself, the duplicate strands are called

chromatids

nerve and skeletal muscle cells in the adult, which do not divide, remain in the

G1 phase

the phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell is called

metaphase

the phase of mitosis in which the chromatids separate is called

anaphase

chemical modifications of histone proteins are believed to directly influence

genetic translation

which of these statements about RNA is true

it is made in the nucleus

which of these statements about mRNA is false

its base triplets are called anticodons

the organelle that combines proteins with carbohydrates and packages them within vesicles for secretion is the

golgi complex

the organelle that contains digestive enzymes is

the lysozome

which of these descriptions of rRNA is true

``` it is single stranded it catalyzes steps in protein synthesis it forms part of the structure a ribosome it is produced in the nucleolus ALL OF THESE ```

which of these statements about tRNA is true

``` it is made in the nucleus it is looped back on itself it contains the anticodon there are over 20 different types ALL OF THESE ```

the step in protein synthesis during which tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA are all active is known as

translation

the anticodons are located in

tRNA

alternative splicing of exons results in

the production of different mRNA molecules from a common precursor RNA molecule

the molecule that tags regulatory proteins for destruction by the proteasome is

ubiquitin

which of these statements about enzymes is true

most enzymes are proteins

which of these statements about enzyme-catalyzed reactions is true

under given conditions of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature, the rate of product formation varies directly with the enzyme concentration up to a maximum, at which point the rate cannot be further increased

which of these statements about lactate dehydrogenase is true

it is a protein it oxidizes lactic acid it reduces another molecule( pyruvic acid) ALL OF THESE

in a metabolic pathway

the product of one enzyme becomes the substrate of another

in an inborn error of metabolism

a genetic change results in the production of a defective enzyme intermediates produced prior to the defective step accumulate alternate pathways are taken by intermediates at branch points that precede the defective step ALL OF THESE

which of these represents an endergonic reaction

ADP + Pi ---> ATP | CO2 + H2O ---> glucose

which of these statements about ATP is true

the bond joining ADP and he third phosphate is a high energy bond the formation of ATP is coupled to energy liberating reaction the conversion of ATP to ADP and Pi provides energy for biosynthesis, cell movement, and other cellular processes ATP is the "universal energy carrier" of cells ALL OF THESE ARE TRUE

when oxygen is combined with 2 hydrogens to make water

oxygen is reduced | the molecule that donated the hydrogens becomes oxidized

enzymes increase the rate of chemical reaction by

decreasing the activation energy of the reactants

according to the law of mass action, which of these condition will drive the reaction A + B C to the right

an increase in the concentration of A and B | a decrease in the concentration of C

the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule in lactic acid fermentation is ________; the net gain in anaerobic respiration is generally _____

2;30

in anaerobic metabolism, the oxidizing agent for NADH is

pyruvic acid

when skeletal muscles lack sufficient oxygen, there is an increase blood concentration of

lactic acid

the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvic acid occurs

in the heart, where lactic acid is aerobically respired | in the liver, where lactic acid can be converted to glucose

which of these statements about the oxygen in the air we breath is true

it functions as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain it combines with hydrogen to form water

in terms of the number of ATP molecules directly produced, the major energy yielding process in the cell is

oxidative phosphorylation

ketone bodies are derived from

fatty acids

the conversion of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate occurs in

the liver | skeletal muscles

the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to free glucose, which can be secreted into the blood, occurs in

the liver

the formation of glucose from pyruvic acid derived from lactic acid, amino acids, or glycerol is called

gluconeogenesis

which of these organs has an almost absolute requirment for blood glucose as its energy source

brain

when amino acids are used as an energy source,

oxidative deamination occurs pyruvic acid or one of the Krebs cycle acids is formed urea is produced ALL OF THESE

intermediates formed during fatty acid metabolism can enter the krebs cycle as

acetyl CoA