Ch 1 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of the structure of an organism
2
Q
Physiology
A
Study of the function of an organism
3
Q
Clinical/applied anatomy
A
Application of anatomical study for the diagnosis of disease, particularly as it relates to surgical procedures
4
Q
Systemic anatomy
A
Descriptive anatomy, involving the description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions
5
Q
Osteology
A
Study of the form and function of bones
6
Q
Anatomical position
A
Body is erect and the palms, arms, and hands face forward
7
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Head and the trunk with the spinal column being the axis
8
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Includes the lower and upper limbs
9
Q
Cytology
A
Study of cells
10
Q
Myology
A
Examines muscle form and function
11
Q
Arthrology
A
Study of the joint system for bones
12
Q
Neurology
A
Study of diseases of the nervous system
13
Q
Teratogen
A
Anything causing teratogenesis, the development of a severely malformed fetus
14
Q
Frontal/coronal plane
A
Front and back portions of a body
15
Q
Midsagittal plane
A
Left and right halves of the body cut along the median plane
16
Q
Sagittal/median plane
A
Cut that is parallel to the median plane and divides the body into left and right portions
17
Q
Transverse plane
A
Divides the body into upper and lower portions
18
Q
Anterior/ventral plane
A
Front surface of a body
19
Q
Posterior/dorsal plane
A
Toward the back
20
Q
Rostral/anterior
A
Toward the head
21
Q
Causal/posterior
A
Lower part of the body
22
Q
Superficial
A
On or near the surface
23
Q
Deep
A
Further from the surface
24
Q
Distal
A
Away from the midline
25
Proximal
Toward the root or attachment point of the structure
26
Superior
Above, farther from the ground
27
Inferior
Below, closer to the ground
28
Prone
On the belly
29
Supine
On the back
30
Lateral
Related to the side
31
Medial
Toward the median plane
32
Flexion
Bending at a joint, usually toward the ventral surface
33
Extension
Opposite of flexion, act of pulling two end father apart
34
Plantar
Sole of the foot
35
Palmar
Palm of the hand
36
Ipsilateral
Same side
37
Unilateral
One side affected
38
Tissue
4 types-epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
39
Epithelial tissue
Superficial (outer) layer of mucous membrane and the cells constituting the skin, as well as the linings of major body cavities and all of the "tubes" that pass into, out of, and through the body; hallmark is its shortage of intercellular material; serves as a barrier to prevent or permit substances to pass to the structures being contained by them
40
Connective tissue
Specialized for purpose of support and protection; matrix is the defining property and it's composed predominately of it; can be solid, liquid, or gel-like
41
Matrix
A material that holds or constrains another material; intercellular material
42
Cartilage
Has unique properties of strength and elasticity
43
Tensile strength
Keeps the fibers from being easily separated when pulled
44
Compressive strength
Retains its form by being resistant to crushing compressing forces
45
Hyaline cartilage
Smooth and has a glassy blue cast; provides and,path ,aging surface for the articulating surfaces of bones as in the cartilaginous portion of the rib cage constituting the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passageway
46
Fibrocartilage
Contains collagenous fibers that provide the cushion between the vertebrae of the spinal column as well as the material surface for the temporomandibular joint between the lower jaw and the skull
47
Yellow/elastic cartilage
Cartilaginous connective tissue that has reduced collagen and increased numbers of elastic fibers; found in the pinna, nose, and epiglottis
48
Compact bone
Characterized by microscopically by its lamellar or sheet-like structure
49
Spongy bone
Bone that appears porous and contains marrow that produces red and white blood cells
50
Abduct
Move away from midline
51
Adduct
Move toward midline
52
Muscle tissue
Has specialized contractile tissue; capable of being stimulated to contract; 3 types-striated, smooth, and cardiac
53
Voluntary muscle
Somatic muscle; can be moved in response to conscious, voluntary processes
54
Involuntary muscle
Autonomic muscle; self-regulating muscles; portion of the nervous system controlling involuntary bodily functions
55
Striated muscle
Also called skeletal muscle because it is the muscle used to move skeletal structures; striped in appearance
56
Smooth muscle
Muscle found in the viscera, including digestive tract and blood vessels; generally sheet-like with spindle-shaped cells
57
Cardiac muscle
Muscle of the heart; composed of cells that interconnect in a met-like fashion
58
Autonomic nervous system
Self regulating involuntary movement
59
Nervous tissue
Highly specialized communicative tissue consisting of neurons or nerve cells; function is to transmit info from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles, or from sensory receptors to other neural structures
60
Neuron
Nerve cell tissue whose function is to transmit info from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles, or from sensory receptors still other neural structures
61
Organs
Tissue of the body with a functional unit by which the tissues of the organ all serve the same general purpose (such as the heart or lungs)
62
Fascia
Sheet-like membrane that may be either dense or nearly transparent, thick or thin that surrounds the organs
63
Perimysium
Fascia sufficiently thick that the muscle cannot be seen clearly through it; packing material around organs, peripheral nerves, and blood vessels providing physical isolation and stability
64
Ligaments
Connective tissue that binds bone to bone
65
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone or cartilage
66
Morphology
Study of the form
67
Aponeurosis
Sheet-like tendon; resembles fascia but much denser
68
Articulation
The point of union between two structures
69
Osteoporosis
Condition wherein the bone becomes increasingly porous due to loss of calcium
70
Joints
Union of bones with other bones or cartilage with other cartilage
71
Diarthrodial joints/ synovial joints
High mobility joints; Joints containing synovial fluid within a joint space and the fluid acts like a cushion
72
Synarthrodial joint/ fibrous joint
No mobility; joints connected by fibrous tissue
73
Amphiarthrodial joint/ cartilaginous joints
Limited mobility; Cartilage serves between the two bones
74
Syndesmosis
Joints bound by fibrous ligaments but have little movement
75
Sutures
Joints between bones of the skull that are not intended to move at all
76
Gomphosis
Hole in peg arrangement suture, type of fibrous joint; ex tooth in socket
77
Symphysis
Cartilaginous joint, found between the pubic bones or between disks of the vertebral column
78
Synovial fluid
Lubricating substance within a synovial joint
79
Epimysium
Fascia of connective tissue that surrounds the muscles
80
Muscle origin
Point of attachment of the least mobile element
81
Muscle insertion
Point of attachment that moves as a result of muscle contraction
82
Agonist
Muscles that move a structure
83
Antagonists
Muscles that oppose a given movement
84
Synergist/fixator
Muscles that stabilize structures
85
Innervate
Supplied by a single nerve, process of stimulating a muscle or gland or receiving output from a body sensor
86
Efferent
Excitatory
87
Afferent
Sensory
88
Motor unit
One efferent nerve fiber and the muscle fibers to which it attaches/innervates
89
Systems
Groups of organs with a functional unity
90
Muscular system
Includes smooth, striated, and cardiac
91
Skeletal system
Includes bone and cartilages that form the structure of the body
92
Respiratory system
Includes the passageways and tissues involved in gas exchange with the environment including the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities; the trachea and bronchial passageway; and the lungs
93
Digestive system
Includes the oral cavity and the pharynx in addition to the esophagus, liver, intestines, and associated glands
94
Nervous system
Includes the nerve tissue and structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems that are responsible for muscle control and sensory function
95
Phonatory system
Involved in the production of voiced sounds and utilizes a significant protective component of the respiratory system (the larynx)
96
Articulatory system
The combo of structures that are used to alter the characteristics of the sounds of speech, including parts of the anatomical,h defined dishes rice and respiratory systems (the tongue, lips, teeth, soft palate, etc)
97
Resonatory system
Includes the nasal cavity and soft palate and portions of the anatomical,h defined respiratory and digestive systems
98
Central nervous system
Portion of the nervous system comprised of the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord
99
Peripheral nervous system
Portion of the nervous system including the peripheral body
100
Cranial nerves
Peripheral nervous system components arising from the brain stem that innervate primarily the structures associated with speech and hearing
101
Cerebral cortex
The highest integrating system of the nervous system responsible for conscious thought and voluntary action
102
Brain stem
The subcortical region including the medulla, pins, and midbrain
103
Cerebellum
Responsible of integrating all body sense with the motor plan so that what we do is planned appropriately for the context of our body condition
