Ch. 1-6

Question 1

Equation for Photosynthesis:

Answer 1

H2O + CO2 + LIGHT –> C6H12O2 + H2O + O2

Question 2

Equation for oxidative phosphorylation:

Answer 2

O2 + H2O + C6H12O2 –> H2O + CO2 + ENERGY

Question 3

Synapomorphy

Answer 3

Shared, derived characteristics

Question 4

Taxonomy vs Systematics

Answer 4

Taxonomy: Descriptive, classification system

Systematics: Study of relationships

Question 5

Merisitic characters

Answer 5

Correspond to body segments you can count

Question 6

Morphometric characters

Answer 6

Correspond to measurable structures

Question 7

Placoid scales

Answer 7

Hard covering like enamel

Teeth in sharks are modified placoid scales

Question 8

Cosmoid scales

Answer 8

Extinct (Similar to placoid)

Question 9

Ganoid scales

Answer 9

Most primitive, modified cosmoid scales (gars and coelacanths)…reduced flexibility but very tough

Question 10

Cycloid scales

Answer 10

Almost completely dermal (little enamel)

Question 11

White muscle

Answer 11

• Low myoglobin
• Most of post-cranial body
• Low efficiency
• Poorly vascularized
• Burst swimming

Question 12

Red muscle

Answer 12

• High myoglobin
• Thin sheets under skin
• High efficiency
• Sustained swimming
• Highly vascularized

Question 13

Pseudobranch

Answer 13

(Under operculum) Provide oxygenated blood to visual system

Question 14

Oxygen debt

Answer 14

Period of time used to pay off debt accumulated during period of insufficient oxygen

Question 15

Oxygen content of water vs. air

Answer 15

Water: Less than 1%
Air: More than 20%

Question 16

Aquatic Surface Respiration (ASR)

Answer 16

More oxygen at top of body of water…organisms swim to top to respire

Question 17

Gill pumping

Answer 17

Pump water across gills by increasing/decreasing volume of buccal chamber and opercular chamber

Question 18

Ram ventilation

Answer 18

Keeping mouth open while swimming

Question 19

Salting Out Effect

Answer 19

Fresh water contains less oxygen because of low solubility of gases in water with increasing concentrations of salt.

Question 20

Four types of air breathing fish:

Answer 20

1. Aquatic: Remain in water all the time
2. Facultative: Only use gill respiration when necessary
3. Obligate: Must have access to air or they drown
4. Amphibious: Survive and remain active out of water

Question 21

Bohr Effect

Answer 21

Hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen at high pH

Question 22

Standard metabolic rate

Answer 22

Metabolic rate of a fish while it is at rest and has no food in its gut

Question 23

Routine metabolic rate

Answer 23

Indicate that standard rate is made at normal activity levels

Question 24

Maximum metabolic rate

Answer 24

Fish is using oxygen as fast as it can be supplied

Question 25

Metabolic scope

Answer 25

Difference between standard and maximum rates

Question 26

Rete Mirabile

Answer 26

(Wonderful net) Bundle of capillaries that run countercurrent to one another. Improves efficiency of gas gland by building up levels of diffusible gases in gland.

Question 27

The Energy Equation

Answer 27

C = E + R + P ``` C= Consumed E= Energy excreted R= Energy used in respiration P= Energy remaining for production ```

Question 28

Mechanoreception

Answer 28

Detection of movement of water

Question 29

Lateral line system and inner ear contain...

Answer 29

Sensory hair cells in bundles called neuromasts

Question 30

Cupula

Answer 30

Screens out background noise by controlling the little hairs

Question 31

Subdivisions of lateral line system:

Answer 31

1. Superficial neuromasts: Free standing on skin/efficient in still water 2. Canal neuromasts: Channels beneath scales/efficient in quick-moving water (or fish!)

Question 32

Pars superior

Answer 32

Portion of inner ear that maintains postural equilibrium and balance

Question 33

Dorsal Light Reflex

Answer 33

Utricle works in coordination with the detection of light from above the fish by the retina of the eyes which keeps the fish upright.

Question 34

Hearing specialists

Answer 34

Have mechanisms that transmit gas bladder vibrations to the inner ear for detection (Otophysan fishes are largest group because of special Weberian ossicle bones in ear)

Question 35

Hearing generalists

Answer 35

Don't have super cool mechanisms

Question 36

Fenstra ovalis

Answer 36

Connection sharks have that enhance hearing by directing sound of sensory area to inner ear

Question 37

Electroreception

Answer 37

Receptor cells used for detecting electricity are derived from hair cells of mechanoreception system

Question 38

Ampullary receptors

Answer 38

Sensitive to electric fields in low frequency. Common in marine fishes. Use for predator/prey detection and social interactions

Question 39

Tuberous receptors

Answer 39

Detect high frequency electric fields Found in fish that produce their own electric field Limited to freshwater fishes

Question 40

Jamming avoidance response (JAR)

Answer 40

Fish shift their EOD frequencies when they get near one another to prevent interference with ability to electrolocate

Question 41

EOD

Answer 41

Electric organ discharge..used for navigation, communication, defense and also sometimes for the incapacitation of prey

Question 42

Choroid gland

Answer 42

Maintains high oxygen levels in retina by receiving oxygenated blood from pseudobranch

Question 43

Chemoreception

Answer 43

Sense of smell (olfaction), sense of taste (gustation), and magnetic reception

Question 44

Physostomous fish

Answer 44

Able to gulp air...allows fish to live in low oxygenated areas