Final (Ch. 13-26) Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Sills
A
Ridges that act as barriers to the distribution of deep water fishes
2
Q
Primary Fresh water fish
A
Strictly confined to fresh water.
3
Q
Secondary fresh water fish
A
Move between salt and fresh water.
4
Q
gonochoristic
A
Hardwired for one sex by chromosomes
5
Q
PCR
A
Requires DNA primers (20 nucleotides long) to make millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a few hours.
6
Q
Oviparous
A
Egg laying
7
Q
Vivaporous
A
live bearing
8
Q
Sneaker males
A
Do not maintain a nest but sneak sperm into other nests
9
Q
Principle of Convergence
A
The stronger the selection pressures, the more similar unrelated animals will appear.
10
Q
Photophores
A
Fishes with light emitting organs.
11
Q
Protandrous Hermaphrodites
A
Individual first matures as a male then to female.
12
Q
Illicium
A
Elongate dorsal spine
13
Q
Upwelling
A
Convergence of major currents
14
Q
Pharyngeal basket
A
Densely packed gill rakers that filter particles out of water
15
Q
Estivation
A
Adults pass dry season by entering a resting state (hibernation-ish).
16
Q
Regressive evolution
A
Organs that may have been useful to ancestors but are gradually lost
17
Q
Shoaling
A
Unorganized swimming groups
18
Q
Schooling
A
Polarized, organized swimming groups
19
Q
Active search
A
Locomotion while the predator scans the environment.
20
Q
Protective resemblance
A
Hiding from predators
21
Q
Aggressive resemblance
A
Waiting to prey
22
Q
Apparent size hypothesis
A
Small prey appear larger at shorter distances.
23
Q
Pursuit
A
Places a predator close enough to attack prey
24
Q
Cursorial predators
A
Chasing predators capable of high-speed sustained chases of rapidly swimming prey.
25
Lurking predator
Lie in wait, swim above the bottom and rely on fast-start performance
26
Aggressive mimicry
Prey not recognizing the predator until it is too late to flee
27
Death feigning
Scavengers investigate a body that erupts and kills (play-dead tactic)
28
Split-Head Color Pattern
Dark or light line that contrasts with general body coloration runs from the tip of the snout along the midline between the eyes to the top of the head or dorsal fin
29
Disruptive coloring
Dividing the head into halves and disrupting its outline
30
Cooperative feeding
Some form of coordinated herding or driving of prey by circling or advancing predators.
31
Post-capture manipulation
Handling to subdue prey and make it ingestible and digestible
32
Ratio of Benefits to Costs
Benefits include the calories and nutrients ingested and costs include energy used up, time lost, or exposure to parasites/predators.
33
Protective Resemblance
Appearing un-fishlike through photo-contrast reduction
34
Upwelling light
Light photons that have passed down and then back up again through the water column and is the weakest component.
35
Counter-shaded fishes
Grade from dark on top to light on bottom.
36
Predator Inspection Visits
Members of prey group move away from the shoal, approach the predator, and then return.
37
Mobbing
Several prey species actually attack potential predators and drive them from the area
38
Skittering
Individual accelerate rapidly, rises in the water column, then quickly rejoins the group.
39
Protean Behavior
: Quick, uncoordinated up-and-down movements by several adjacent individuals just prior to resumption of polarized schooling
40
Roll and Flash
Occurs when an individual rotates on its long body axis and reflects bright sunlight; it then returns to a normal upright position.
41
Breeding System
Includes frequency of mating, number of partners, and gender role of average individuals.
42
Iteroparous
Spawn more than once during their lifetime.
43
Semelparous
Spawn one time then die
44
Monogamy
Couples mating exclusively
45
Polygamy
Non-exclusive mating
46
Polyandry
Multiple males mating with single female
47
Polygyny
Multiple females mating with a single male
48
Harem Formation
Male has exclusive breeding rights to a number of females that he may guard.
49
Leks
Traditional areas where several males congregate for the sole purpose of displaying to females.
50
Simultaneous Hermaphrodites
Capable of releasing viable eggs or sperm during the same spawning.
51
Sequential Hermaphrodites
Function as males during one life phase and females in another.
52
Protandrous
Develop first as males then as females
53
Protogynous
Develop first as females then as males
54
Parthenogenic
All-female but require the sperm from males of other species to activate cell division in their eggs.
55
Courtship
Series of behavioral actions performed by one or both members of a mating pair just prior to spawning.
56
Water column spawners
Rush upward and release their gametes at the top of the rush, sometimes near the surface.
57
Spawning Stupor
When in a spawning aggregation or mode, species normally are more difficult to approach or are very active instead move slowly.
58
Matrophy
Transfer of nutrients directly from mother to developing young.
59
Nest and egg usurpation
Raid other males’ nests, steal eggs, and deposit these eggs in their own nests.
60
Brood piracy
Large male may usurp the nest of another male, spawn, then abandon the nest to be guarded by the original territory holder
61
Brood parasitism
One species spawns in a nest constructed by and guarded by another species.
62
Cooperative breeding
Non-parental caregivers remain with the parents and feed/defend new young or territory.
63
Static coloration
Identification badge that informs about the species, sex, reproductive condition, or age of the fish.
64
Hue
Wavelength mixtures
65
Saturation
Wavelength purity
66
Brightness
light intensity
67
Agonistic
Aggressive and submissive activities
68
Fast Repetitive Ticks (FRTs)
Trains of pulsed sounds for communication
69
eod
Weak electrical signals discharged by fish
70
jar
Fish avoid jamming by shifting their EOD frequency away from that of nearby conspecifics.
71
linear hierarchy
Alpha male dominates all others; a beta male is subordinate but dominates lower ranked individuals.
72
despotic hierarchy
Single individual, the despot, is dominant over all others and all subordinates are equally ranked.
73
colonial fishes
Form stationary aggregations.
74
Inquilinism/Endoecism
Fishes seek shelter inside living invertebrates.
75
Heterospecific Shoals
Fish aggregations that contain members of more than one species.
76
diel
Daily periodicity of the earth’s rotation that creates a predictable pattern of light and darkness.
77
diurnal
Feed during the day Use cones to see
78
nocturnal
Feed by night Use rods to see
79
Crepuscular
Feed in periods of twilight.
80
Semidiurnal Tidal Regime
Involves two high tides and two low tides each day
81
visiting species
Migrate in and out with the tides
82
resident species
Remain in the intertidal zone at low tide and hide in areas insulated from complete desiccation.
83
recrudescence
Resumption of gametogenic activity
84
predictive cues
General periodic environmental events that a fish can use to predict that the spawning season is approaching.
85
synchronizing cues
Signal the arrival of spawning conditions
86
terminating cues
Signal the end of spawning conditions
87
diadromous
Between two places
88
anadromous
Spend most time in ocean but may go to fresh water to spawn
89
catadromous
Spend most time in fresh water but go to ocean to spawn
90
Amphidromous
Move between marine and fresh water at certain phases of their lives
91
Oceanodromous
Migrate within ocean basins usually in a circuit and travelling with major ocean currents.
92
Life history
How an individual divides up its time and resources among the often conflicting demands associated with maintenance, growth, reproduction, mortality, and migration.
93
traits
Measurable aspects of an individual’s life history.
94
Early versus Late Maturation
The trade-off depending on the probability of successful reproduction versus the risk of death.
95
fecundity
Amount of offspring
96
reproductive allottment
The percentage of a female’s weight devoted to eggs or embryos.
97
recruitment
Addition to the population through reproduction.
98
colonization
Addition by movement of established individuals between habitats.
99
annual turnover
Ratio of production to biomass
100
Panmictic Spawning
The entire species consists of only one population
101
Ecophenotypic
Not resulting from environmental influences experienced by different individuals.
102
species isolating mechanisms
Which are usually anatomical or behavioral traits that keep individuals of different species from breeding with one another.
103
assemblage structure
The number of individuals, species, and families, and the predator-prey interactions and other trophic relationships between fishes.
104
palindromic
Swim backwards and forwards with equal facility
105
competitive displacement
Competition has been historically reduced via evolutionary adjustments.
106
watershed
The land from which water flows into a series of streams and eventually into a lake or river.
107
landscapre/riverscape
Interactions and linkages among ecosystems and the influence of human activities on these interactions.
108
browsing
Removing parts of the plant on which the fish is feeding
109
Grazing
Biting the plant off at the substrate and taking in some of the substrate itself.
110
Macrophytes
Rooted aquatic plants
111
Periphyton
Algal covering on rocks
112
suspension feeding
Pump water into the mouth and out gill openings to filter out different sized prey.
113
eutrophication
Excessive nutrient input (like fertilizers) that lead to blooms of undesirable phytoplankton.
114
extirpation
Localized extinction
115
channelization
Straightening a riverine system and smoothing its sides
116
Introgression
Crossing of hybrid offspring with parental genotypes
117
Commercial Extinction
Once abundant fishes that no longer support significant fisheries
