Ch. 1 Basics Of Biotechnology Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Ch. 1 Basics Of Biotechnology Deck (54)
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1
Q

Biotechnology -

A

The use of living organisms in industrial process

2
Q

Examples of biotechnology

A
  • agriculture
  • food processing
  • medicine
3
Q

These processes rely on ___ to modify the original ingredients.

A

Microorganisms

4
Q

Farmers have chosen higher yielding crops by ___ and ___.

A

Trial and error

5
Q

Many modern crop plants have much larger ___ or ___ than their ancestors.

A

Fruits or seeds

6
Q

Nucleotide -

A

Pentose, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base

7
Q

Each phosphate connects two sugars via ____ bond.

A

Phosphodiester

8
Q

Chemical structure of nucleic acids

A
  • polymer of nucleotides
  • nucleotide
  • phosphodiester bond
  • DNA - double helix
  • rna - single strand
9
Q

Supercoiling -

A

DNA condenses

10
Q

In bacteria, DNA condense by the ___ ___.

A

DNA gyrase

11
Q

Supercoils are removed by ___.

A

Topoisomerase I

12
Q

DNA loop connect to a ___ ___.

A

Protein scaffold

13
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is wrapped around histones to form a nucleosome which further condensed into 30-nm fiber attached to proteins at ___ ___ ___ sites.

A

Matrix attachment regions (MAR)

14
Q

___ live everywhere on the planet and are an important part of the ecosystem.

A

Bacteria

15
Q

___ ___ provide thermostable DNA polymerase that are used in polymerase chain reaction.

A

Thermus aquaticus

16
Q

___ is the model bacterium.

A

E. Coli

17
Q

Most widely used, Rod-shaped, gram negative bacteria

A

E. Coli.

18
Q

It can contaminate food but usually harmless except for the E. Coli ___ strain.

A

O 157:H7

19
Q

Why is E. Coli the model bacterium?

A
  • large number of identical cells can be grown in a few hours
  • growth can be strictly controlled and adjusted to desired results
  • liquid cultures can be stored in a refrigerator for weeks or deep freeze at -70C for 20 years or more
20
Q

The E. Coli chromosome

A
  • oriC
  • thrABC
  • terB
  • terC
21
Q

Plasmids -

A
  • extrachromosomal genetic element
  • small circular DNA that exists in cytoplasm of bacteria
  • contain origin of replication
  • can be manipulated or modified, resulting in recombinant plasmids
  • modern biotechnology started with expressing heterologous protein in bacteria
22
Q

Plasmids can be manipulated of modified, resulting in ___ plasmids.

A

Recombinant

23
Q

One doubling time in E. Coli takes how long?

A

45 mins

24
Q

Many plant cells are ___.

A

Totipotent

25
Q

Animal cells do have the potential to form several types of cells called ___ ___.

A

Stem cells

26
Q

Yeast and filamentous fungi

A

Fast growing single-celled eukaryotes

27
Q

Yeast and filamentous fungi contain extrachromosomal elements like ___ that can be used as cloning vector to express heterologous proteins.

A

Plasmids

28
Q

The plasmid has two perfect DNA repeats (___ ___) on the opposite sides of the circle.

A

FRT sites

29
Q

Flp recombinase or Flippase flips one half of the plasmid via ___ ___.

A

DNA recombination

30
Q

Diploid yeast can also form genetic clones by ___.

A

Budding

31
Q

Yeast can create new genetic combinations with ___ ___.

A

Sexual reproduction

32
Q

The two forms of haploid yeast are ___ and ___, which mate to form a new genetically unique diploid cell.

A

a and alpha

33
Q

C. elegans -

A

A small round worm that is found in soil that feeds on bacteria

34
Q

C. elegans is male and hermaphrodite so it can be used in genetics analysis on both ___ and ___ ___.

A

Self- and cross- fertilization

35
Q

Drospholia melanogaster

A
  • widely used for genetics studies
  • easy to grow and maintain in a lab
  • many different mutations are available for identifying genes responsible for body patterns
  • homology to human genes
  • polytene chromosomes
36
Q

What are key organisms to study development of embryos?

A

Danio rerio, Zebrafish

37
Q

As many as 70% of our genes have zebrafish ___.

A

Orthologs

38
Q

Zebrafish are good model organisms for ___ ___.

A

Drug screen

39
Q

The cells lines are useful for…

A

Genetic manipulations such as expressing new genes or deleting existing genes

40
Q

Adherent cell lines -

A

Stick to and divide on the plastic dishes

41
Q

Suspension cells -

A

Grow and divide in liquid culture

42
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana

A
  • a member of mustard family and most used in plane biology research
  • used because of its size, ease of growth, and small genome
  • many mutants and RNAi are available
43
Q

Viruses used in genetics research

A
  • attachment of the virion to the correct host cell
  • entry of the virus genome
  • replication of the virus genome
  • manufacture of new virus proteins
  • assembly of new viruses particles
  • release of new virions from the host
44
Q

Viruses specialize in inserting their genome into the ___ ___.

A

Host genome

45
Q

Viruses subvert the host into…

A

Expressing their genes and making more copies of themselves

46
Q

Viruses can be used to…

A

Study new genes, to anger the genomes of model organisms, and gene therapy

47
Q

___ ___ are made of positive RNA.

A

Retroviral genomes

48
Q

Once entered, a DNA copy of the genome is made using ___ ___.

A

Reverse transcriptase

49
Q

Retroviral genomes

A
  • once entered, a DNA copy of the genome is made using reverse transcriptase
  • the original RNA strand is then degraded and replaced with DNA
  • the double-stranded DNA version of the retrovirus genome can integrate into the host genome
50
Q

Bacterial conjugation and rolling circle

A
  • one strand of the F plasmid is nicked at the origin to transfer
  • two strands start to separate and the synthesis of new strand starts
  • after entering through the conjugation bridge, the second strand is synthesized and circularized once finished
51
Q

___ ___ leaves the original transposon in its original place and the copy is inserted at another site.

A

Replicative transposition

52
Q

The ___ ___ excises from its original site and inserts at other side in conservative transposition.

A

Original transposon

53
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

Doing what has already happened in nature, genome editing

54
Q

Can change ___ cells to ___ cells.

A

Fat cells to stem cells