Ch. 2 DNA, RNA, And Protein Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Ch. 2 DNA, RNA, And Protein Deck (29)
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1
Q

___ are regions of DNA that are transcribed to give RNA that can be translated to protein or used directly.

A

Genes

2
Q

Structure of a typical structure gene contains ___ and ___ ___ ___.

A

Promoter and transcription stop signal

3
Q

___ ___ synthesizes RNA at the transcription bubble.

A

RNA polymerase

4
Q

___ are added to create RNA complementary to the template (non-coding) strand.

A

Ribonucleotides

5
Q

Eukaryotic transcription

A
  • eukaryotes have three different RNA polymerases
  • RNA polymerase II binds to TATA and initiator boxes
  • eukaryotes require specific transcription factors
6
Q

Mono-cistronic vs Poly-cistronic

A
  • eukaryotes transcribe genes in single units, where each RNA encodes for only one protein
  • prokaryotes transcribe genes in operon as one single mRNA then translate proteins as separate units
7
Q

Positive regulation -

A

Genes are expressed only when the activators give a positive signal

8
Q

Negative regulation -

A

Genes are expressed only when the repressor is removed

9
Q

___ ___ will not activate lactose operon alone, lactose must be present.

A

Crp binding

10
Q

If lactose is available, ___ will convert some lactose into allo-lactose which acts as an inducer.

A

B-galactosidase

11
Q

Autogenous regulation -

A

Repressor or activator binds to the promoter of its own gene

12
Q

___ ___ are far from the promoter but may loop around to directly bind to the mediator complex.

A

Enhancer sequences

13
Q

___ ___ prevent transcription factors from binding to the wrong promoter.

A

Insulator sequences

14
Q

The eukaryotic transcription factor has two domains, the ___ ___ ___ bind DNA at the promoter, and the ___ ___ initiates RNA polymerase actions.

A

DNA binding domain

Activator domain

15
Q

The eukaryotic transcription factor, AP-1 -

A

Consists of two different proteins that works as a dimer

16
Q

AP-1 belongs to a family of DNA binding proteins called ___ ___.

A

bZIP proteins

17
Q

To activate transcription, AP-1 must first be activated by phosphorylation by the ___ ___.

A

JNK kinase

18
Q

Epigenetics -

A

Any heritable change in DNA other than changes in nucleoside sequence

19
Q

___ add new methyl groups, and demethylases removed unwanted methyl groups.

A

Methylases

20
Q

___ ___ ___ arrives and attracts HDAc, the histones aggregate.

A

Methylcytosine binding protein (MeCP)

21
Q

The closeness of histones excludes any DNA binding proteins hence turns off ___ ___.

A

Gene expression

22
Q

Codon bias -

A

Each organism has a preference as to which triplet codon is used most often for the particular amino acid

23
Q

The first base of the anticodon binds the third base of the codon in the mRNA and it can wobble allowing ___ ___.

A

Nonstandard base-pairing

24
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

25
Q

Anticodon

A

UAC

26
Q

First amino acid

A

Methionine

27
Q

___ have their own DNA.

A

Mitochondria

28
Q

___ will be the template strand.

A

Missense strand

29
Q

RNA modification

A
  • polyA tail
  • intrumo
  • capping capG