CH 1: FIRST PEOPLE, FIRST FARMERS

Question 1

Compared to agriculturalists, pastoralists tended to be _____ ______.

Answer 1

less mobile

Question 2

Where did pastoralism first emerge?

Answer 2

Afro-Eurasia

Question 3

Compared to hunter-gatherers, agriculturalists tended to be _____ ________.

Answer 3

more socially stratified.

(Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a category. Hierarchy and inequality purely existed in agriculturalist societies)

Question 4

What is an effect the switch to agriculture had on food supplies?

Answer 4

Food supply became more reliable but not necessarily more diversified.

Question 5

How did pastoralists change warfare in agriculture civilizations?

Answer 5

By spreading new weapons and modes of transportation.

Question 6

How did agriculture develop during the Neolithic Revolution?

Answer 6

It was a gradual process, developing independently in different parts of the world.

Question 7

Ancestor worship, totemism, shamanism, and animism are concepts all associated with

Answer 7

polytheism

Question 8

The Agricultural Revolution gave birth to

Answer 8

permanent dwellings, domesticated animals, and farming technology

Question 9

What was most Neolithic technology related to?

Answer 9

farming

Question 10

In what way might civilization have prompted the development of family and marriage laws?

Answer 10

Civilization produced a new understanding of property.

Question 11

What did the Neolithic Revolution directly produce?

Answer 11

Division of labor, economic organization, and more complex government.

Question 12

The first civilizations developed in geographic areas where

Answer 12

agriculture flourished.

Question 13

What are civilizations?

Answer 13

Large societies with cities and powerful states.

Question 14

What aspect of agricultural societies led to the development of social class and specialization of labor?

Answer 14

Surpluses of food and other resources.

Question 15

What is an environmental change that would most likely be associated with a pastoralist society?

Answer 15

Erosion of grassland from overgrazing.

Question 16

Why was the initial development of long-distance trade important in the Fertile Crescent?

Answer 16

Resources like timber for building and certain minerals were scarce in the river valleys.

Question 17

Why was the planting of grains and vegetables important for people during the Neolithic Revolution?

Answer 17

It provided a reliable food source throughout the year.

Question 18

At the end of the last ice age around 10,000 B.C.E., the major change that occurred was

Answer 18

the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

Question 19

What are some common elements of complex societies?

Answer 19

A distinct religious structure, an organized government bureaucracy, and some kind of military force/ institution.

Question 20

What tools would you expect to find at a Neolithic village?

Answer 20

Pestles, mortars, grindstones,

copper sickles, hoes, flint blades, and arrows.

Question 21

What describes a religious or spiritual aspect of Paleolithic culture?

Answer 21

A cyclical view of time that emphasized regeneration and disintegration

Question 22

The Agricultural Revolution occurred independently in various parts of the world between ______ and ______ years ago.

Answer 22

12,000 and 4,000 years ago

Question 23

What was a feature of society during the Paleolithic era?

Answer 23

Relative egalitarianism

Question 24

Define egalitarianism.

Answer 24

The doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

Question 25

In contrast to the people who migrated to the Americas, the Austronesian migrants to the Pacific islands ____ _____ _____ ____ ____.

Answer 25

brought domesticated animals with them.

Question 26

What is a chiefdom?

Answer 26

societal groupings governed by a chief who typically relies on generosity, ritual status, or charisma rather than force to win obedience from the people

Question 27

a complex worldview of Australia's Aboriginal people that held that current humans live in a vibration or echo of ancestral happenings

Answer 27

Dreamtime

Question 28

Region sometimes known as Southwest Asia that includes the modern states of Iraq, Syria, Israel/ Palestine, and southern Turkey; the earliest home of agriculture

Answer 28

Fertile Crescent

Question 29

A ceremonial site compromising 20 circles made up of craved limestone pillars located in southwestern Turkey. The site, which dates to 11, 600 years ago, was built by gathering and hunting peoples who lived at least part of the year in settles villages

Answer 29

Göbekli Tepe

Question 30

The gradual spread of agricultural techniques without extensive population movement

Answer 30

diffusion

Question 31

An important Neolithic site in what is now Turkey; dead buried underneath houses, no streets, people moved around on rooftops.

Answer 31

Çatalhüyük

Question 32

The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria or Cameroon to most of Africa, in a process that started about 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millenia

Answer 32

Bantu migration

Question 33

A Chinese archaeological site where the remains of a significant Neolithic village have been found

Answer 33

Banpo

Question 34

The earliest and widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from a particular kind of projectile point

Answer 34

Clovis culture

Question 35

The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. These people settles the Pacific islands and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago

Answer 35

Austronesian migrations

Question 36

The last surviving member of a gathering and hunting group known as the Yahi who lived in northern California. His people were driven into extinction during the second half of the nineteenth century by the intrusion of farming and herding "civilized" societies

Answer 36

Ishi

Question 37

Dying out of a number of large animal species, including the mammoth and several species of horses and camels, that occurred around 11,000 to 10,000 years ago, at the end of the Ice Age. The extinction may have been caused by excessive hunting or by the changing climate of the era.

Answer 37

Megafaual extinction

Question 38

Term coined by the scholar Marshal Sahlins in 1972 to describe Paleolithic societies, which he regarded as affluent not because they had so much but because they wanted or needed so little.

Answer 38

"the original affluent society" affluent: having a great deal of money; wealthy.

Question 39

The process by which some Paleolithic peoples moved toward permanent settlement in the wake of the last Ice Age. Settlement was marked by increasing storage of food and accumulation of goods as well as growing inequalities in society

Answer 39

Paleolithic settling down

Question 40

Human societies that rely on domesticated animals rather than plants as the main source of food; nomads lead their animals to seasonal grazing grounds rather than setting permanently in a single location

Answer 40

pastoral societies

Question 41

A term used to describe the series of technological changes that began about 4000 B.C.E., as people began to develop new uses for their domesticated animals, exploiting a revolutionary new source of power

Answer 41

"secondary products revolution"

Question 42

In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a bridge between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances by psychoactive drugs

Answer 42

shaman

Question 43

psychoactive drug used by Australian Aboriginials

Answer 43

pituri

Question 44

The wild ancestor of maize

Answer 44

teosinte

Question 45

In San culture, a nightlong ritual held to activate a human being's inner spiritual potency to counteract the evil influences of gods and ancestors. The practice was apparently common to the Khoisan people, of whom the Ju/'hoansi are a surviving remnant

Answer 45

trance dance

Question 46

Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomach, which may have had religious significance

Answer 46

Venus figurines

Question 47

What was a feature of a chiefdom?

Answer 47

Collecting tribute from commoners but keeping enough to maintain their prestigious positions

Question 48

What did migrants to Australia and the Pacific Islands use to get to their destinations?

Answer 48

Boats

Question 49

What role did women plat in agricultural village societies?

Answer 49

Women participated in farming and textile work.

Question 50

What was a point of departure for migration to the Americas and how did they get there?

Answer 50

Eastern Siberia and believed to have gotten there through land bridges

Question 51

What is a quality that describes both pastoral and agricultural village societies?

Answer 51

Both possessed relatively egalitarian social structures with few social distinctions.

Question 52

What is one way Paleolithic humans altered their environment?

Answer 52

They deliberately set fires to encourage to growth of particular plants.

Question 53

How did the Ice Age affect Paleolithic peoples?

Answer 53

The lower sea levels associated with the Ice Age created land bridges, allowing human beings to travel to many regions on earth.

Question 54

What is an example of evidence that Paleolithic peoples were shifting from a nomadic way of life to a more settled lifestyle?

Answer 54

Elaborate burial sites

Question 55

Which of the following is true of both the Paleolithic era and the Age of Agriculture? A) The prevalence of female imagery B) The power of priests C) The modification of the genetic composition of plants D) The spread of permanent settlements

Answer 55

A) The prevalence of female imagery

Question 56

How did the north/ south orientation of the Americas affect the unfolding of the Agricultural Revolution in that part of the world?

Answer 56

Crops were slow to spread because they had to adapt to different climatic and vegetation zones

Question 57

Which of the following was an important development during the Paleolithic period? A) Humankind created the first alphabet. B) Humankind migrated to different parts of the world. C) Humankind established the first civilizations. D) Humankind developed ironworking technologies.

Answer 57

B) Humankind migrated to different parts of the world.

Question 58

What is a factor that contributed to the Agricultural Revolution?

Answer 58

A need for additional food

Question 59

What distinguished the Agricultural Revolution in the Americas from the Agricultural Revolution elsewhere?

Answer 59

The scarcity of animals that could be domesticated

Question 60

What was the result of the spread of agriculture through diffusion and migration

Answer 60

The spread of language groups

Question 61

Why could some regions not make the transition to an agricultural way of life?

Answer 61

Environmental conditions were not suitable for farming

Question 62

``` Which of the following was a result of the Agricultural Revolution? A) The initial settlement of the earth B) The invention of the plow C) Higher risk of disease and famine D) The decline of trade ```

Answer 62

C) Higher risk of disease and famine

Question 63

Why was conflict frequent between pastoral societies and agricultural societies?

Answer 63

Pastoral societies wanted the food crops and manufactured goods by agricultural societies.

Question 64

What is animal husbandry, and what type of society is it a feature of?

Answer 64

Animal husbandry is the breeding of animals and it is a feature of pastoral societies.

Question 65

What common feature did pastoral and agricultural societies share?

Answer 65

Organization of society based on kinship

Question 66

What form of society during the Age of Agriculture is considered to have a distinct element of inequality?

Answer 66

Chiefdoms

Question 67

What is another name for the Agricultural Revolution?

Answer 67

Neolithic Revolution

Question 68

What is the earliest evidence of humans in Africa?

Answer 68

The processing of ochre, a clay, in Blombos Cave, South Africa.

Question 69

``` Humans in the Paleolithic era already had the knowledge to do which of the following? A) Make pottery B) Harvest wool C) Ride horses D) Make wine ```

Answer 69

A) Make pottery

Question 70

``` Which of the following is the earliest evidence that gathering and hunting peoples were starting to make the transition to agriculture? A) Maize B) Sickles C) Canoes D) Milk ```

Answer 70

B) Sickles. A sickle is a farming tool.

Question 71

The Clovis culture of North America provides evidence of _____ _____ ___ _ ___ ___.

Answer 71

cultural diffusion over a large area.

Question 72

Which of the following describes a development associated with the migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples throughout the Pacific? A) The dependence on ice bridges to reach their destinations B) The emergence of chiefdoms in the regions where they settled C) The preservation of the ecosystem and natural habitats D) The egalitarianism of the societies that emerged

Answer 72

B) The emergence of chiefdoms in the regions where they settled

Question 73

How did Austronesian migrations differ from other early patterns of human movement?

Answer 73

Austronesian migrations were undertaken by people who already carried domesticated plants and animals in their canoes.

Question 74

Why did some Paleolithic peoples abandon earlier, more nomadic ways and begin to live a more settled life?

Answer 74

- Societies became larger and more complex which made it more difficult to leave a settlement - Due to improved conditions, it was easier to settle down.

Question 75

In what ways did agriculture spread? Where and why was it sometimes resisted?

Answer 75

Agriculture spread through diffusion and the slow colonization or migration of peoples. Most people that resisted agriculture lived in areas that could not support farming lifestyles.