CH 2: CITIES, STATES, AND UNEQUAL SOCIETIES

Question 1

What is a true statement about ancient Egypt?

Answer 1

The state was ruled by pharaohs who were believed to be gods in human form.

Question 2

The territory of ancient Mesopotamia is presently occupied by which country?

Answer 2

Iraq

Question 3

What is a statement that describes gender relations in the First Civilizations?

Answer 3

Women were defined by their relationship to a man.

Question 4

What is an example of a way patriarchy was expressed in the First Civilizations?

Answer 4

Laws that regulated female sexuality

Question 5

What was one purpose that writing served in the First Civilizations?

Answer 5

To keep track of who paid their taxes to the state

Question 6

What could scholars have advanced as a possible explanation for the emergence of patriarchy in the First Civilizations?

Answer 6

Emergence of large-scale warfare with professionally led armies

Question 7

Kingship in the First Civilizations often

Answer 7

linked the position of the ruler to the divine.

Question 8

What was a reason for instability in ancient Mesopotamia?

Answer 8

The rivalries between independent city-states that led to warfare

Question 9

As a descriptive term, “civilization” refers to

Answer 9

a particular and distinctive type of human society organized into cities and states.

Question 10

The rulers of which First Civilization based their authority on the Mandate of Heaven?

Answer 10

China

Question 11

What is a feature found in some cities in the First Civilizations?

Answer 11

Sewage systems

Question 12

What represents a way class distinctions were displayed in the First Civilizations?

Answer 12

Manner of a person’s burial

Question 13

What was an example of the way that rulers in the First Civilizations displayed their power?

Answer 13

Constructing temples, lavish clothing and jewelry, large houses

Question 14

What contributed to the declining power of the Egyptian pharaohs by 2400 B.C.E.?

Answer 14

Local officials and nobles assumed greater authority.

Question 15

What is usually considered a feature of a “civilization”?

Answer 15

States that use force to compel obedience from subjects

Question 16

Which of the First Civilizations is sometimes referred to as the “mother civilization” of Mesoamerica?

Answer 16

Olmec

Question 17

What First Civilization did not rely on grain-based agriculture?

Answer 17

Norte Chico

Question 18

What was the primary economic foundation for civilization?

Answer 18

Agriculture

Question 19

What was a reason for instability in ancient Mesopotamia?

Answer 19

The rivalries between independent city-states that led to warfare

Question 20

What human accomplishment emerged with the First Civilizations?

Answer 20

Writing

Question 21

What was advanced as a possible explanation for the origins of the First Civilizations?

Answer 21

The need to organize large-scale irrigation projects

Question 22

What was a feature of Egyptian rather than Mesopotamian civilization?

Answer 22

A more cheerful and hopeful outlook on the world, as expressed in part through religious beliefs

Question 23

The rulers of First Civilizations often drew their power from their roles as

Answer 23

high priests

Question 24

What describes gender relations in the First Civilizations?

Answer 24

Women were defined by their relationship to men.

Question 25

In the First Civilizations. slaves were drawn from which pool of people?

Answer 25

Prisoners of war

Question 26

Name at least three elements that a civilization must have in order to produce monumental works on the scale of the Mesopotamian ziggurats or Egyptian pyramids.

Answer 26

- A large labor force - A leader with the power and authority to compel labor - An assured food supply for the workers, who cannot produce their own food while working - Building materials - An ideology that makes monumental architecture desirable, with an emphasis on grandeur and the belief that gods are entitled to or may demand such structures.

Question 27

What new products and technology did Egypt’s interaction with the outside world bring?

Answer 27

- Mesopotamia (wheat, barley, its system of writing) - Sudan (gourds, watermelon, domesticated donkeys, the practice of divine kingship) - Hittites (horse drawn chariots, new armor and weapons, new techniques for textile production, new musical instruments, olive and pomegranate trees)

Question 28

Name at least three features typical of a king in one of the First Civilizations.

Answer 28

- Gave authority to the state - Monumental architecture - Elaborate clothing - Magnificent burials - Claim of divinity or divine approval

Question 29

Identify the different social classes in the First Civilizations, and give specific examples of people within each class.

Answer 29

- Upper classes: rulers and the royal family, nobles, high-ranking officials - Free commoners: artisans, lower-level officials, soldiers, police, servants, farmers - Slaves: prisoners of war, criminals, debtors

Question 30

Norte Chico

Answer 30

- 3000 B.C.E. -1800 B.C.E. - desert region - largest city: Caral - fishing economy and squash, beans and guava - only import from outside maize - lacked defensive walls - did not develop pottery and writing

Question 31

Indus Valley

Answer 31

- no palaces, temples, elaborate graves, kings or warrior classes which meant there was little evidence of hierarchy or centralized state - common patterns: standardized weights, measures, architectural styles. - a serious of small republics, ruled by priests, an early form of the caste system - environmental impact: repeated irrigation increased the amount of salt in the soil and lowered crop yields

Question 32

Xia, Shang, and Zhou

Answer 32

- ----Xia - 2070 - 1600 B.C.E. - ----Shang - 1600 - 1046 B.C.E. - ----Zhou - 1046 - 771 B.C.E -rulers known as the Son of Heaven

Question 33

Central Asian/ Oxus

Answer 33

- after 2200 B.C.E. - based on irrigation culture and stock raising - culture expressed in its architecture, ceramics, burial techniques, seals and more but did not develop a literature culture - Central Asian civilization was known as a focal point of "Eurasian-wide system of intellectual and commercial exchange"

Question 34

Olmec

Answer 34

- around 1200 B.C.E. - along the coast of Gulf of Mexico - economy based on agriculture of maize, beans, squash - arose from a series of competing chiefdoms

Question 35

Mohenjo Daro and Harappa

Answer 35

- sister city Harappa - 2000 B.C.E. - streets had a grid like pattern - sewage system - indoor plumbing - large houses with two or three stories