Ch 1 (History of Counseling)

Question 1

Key components of counseling

Answer 1

1. proactive/preventative
2. strengths-based/empowerment focus
3. wellness model
4. holistic
5. systems-based

Question 2

Developmental perspective; problems arise from:

Answer 2

1. normal response to abnormal event
2. abnormal response to normal event
3. transitory issues in response to change

Question 3

Timing of Events Model

Answer 3

reactions change/rely heavily on whether it was expected during that developmental stage of life

(ex. terminal illness, pregnancy)

Question 4

1900-1920

Answer 4

• economic shift (agriculture to industry) led to vocational guidance
• mental health was hereditary, treatment was futile (institutionalization)
• 1907 Jesse B Davis brought guidance to schools
• 1908 Clifford Beers wrote expose on institutionalization (led to mental hygiene movement/MH reform)
• 1908 Frank Parsons founded Vocational Bureau
• psychology established data collection as norm
• psychometry- testing from WWI
• 1913 first counseling journal
• 1917 Smith-Hughes Act grants for vocational education in public schools

Question 5

1921-1940

Answer 5

• Great Depression: more need for vocational guidance, more MH issues, social welfare
• 1921 child guidance clinic (Philly)
• 1930’s E. G. Williamson Trait-Factor Theory
• new therapies taking shape (Rogers, Adler)
• 1st Marriage and Family Center (Abraham & Hannah Stone)
• Self help groups (AA, Recovery INC)

Question 6

1941-1960

Answer 6

• WWII: more awareness of MH (people rejected from army, “shell shock” aka PTSD, women & vets joined workforce)
• 1942 Carl Rogers, Person Centered Counseling
• growth of humanism (European professionals feeling Holocaust to US)
• 1950’s counseling grew as distinct profession
• 1957 NEDA, from Space Race, grew guidance counseling

Question 7

1961-1980

Answer 7

• 60’s & 70’s- rapid social change towards equal rights
• theory & development flourished (Wolpe, Ellis, Berne’s Transactional Analysis, Super’s Career Development)
• 1960’s Existentialism, Family Systems & Cognitive
• Human Developmental perspective = primary focus
• 1963 Community Mental Health Act, funded community programs, de-institutionalization, huge growth in need for counselors
• 1976 Lincensure started in VA

Question 8

1981-2000

Answer 8

• pluralism & multiculturalism
• more stringent licensure and training
• 1981 CACREP founded
• 1985 Chi Sigma Iota founded
• 1992 ACA (changed from APGA)

Question 9

2001-present

Answer 9

• 2009 CA 50th state to require licensure
• 20/20 to unite counseling as unified profession
• moving towards licensure portability

Question 10

4 Major Forces in Counseling

Answer 10

1. psychodynamic
2. cognitive behavioral
3. humanistic/existential
4. multicultural/systemic
5. (advocacy is sometimes called 5th force)

Question 11

Future challenges and concerns for profession:

Answer 11

1. Evidence-based research & outcomes research
2. Managed care
3. Multiculturalism, diversity & social justice
4. Technology
5. Gatekeeping