Ch 16/17 (Outcome Research & Accountability)

Question 1

Why is research important?

Answer 1

• maintains accountability
• ensures nonmaleficence
• validates/professionalizes counseling

Question 2

What is the scientist-practitioner model?

Answer 2

View counseling as a formal research project

Question 3

Clinical efficacy studies

Answer 3

tightly controlled experiments

Question 4

Effectiveness research

Answer 4

more practical; examines what works and doesn’t in a variety of settings

Question 5

Outcome research

Answer 5

measures effectiveness of treatment and/or counselor

Question 6

What are the 3 main methods of research?

Answer 6

1. Clinical trial
2. Qualitative Analysis
3. Meta-Analysis

Question 7

Clinical Trial

Answer 7

single study of specific treatment/approach/client. Can be measured against comparison groups, outcome measures and standard protocols

Question 8

Qualitative Analysis:

Answer 8

examine & summarize trends across clients, studies & contexts

Question 9

Meta-Analysis

Answer 9

quantitative, amasses and summarizes results from numerous studies

Question 10

Effect Size

Answer 10

the difference between control and treatment groups to determine effectiveness of treatment

Question 11

What factors contribute to the positive outcomes of counseling compared to placebo & control groups?

Answer 11

1. Brief/solution-focused (improvement by 8th session)
2. Premature termination (avoiding)
3. Patient-therapist match
4. Therapeutic alliance

Question 12

What are commonalities that predict premature termination?

Answer 12

lower SES, lower education, African American racial heritage

Question 13

What can decrease likelihood of premature termination?

Answer 13

• relationship building
• skillful, trustworthy & competent
• convey respect, establish mutual goals/expectations

Question 14

What is the MOST important predictor of positive counseling outcomes?

Answer 14

The therapeutic alliance/relationship

Question 15

Group counseling is generally ___ effective as individual counseling for most conditions

Answer 15

AS

Question 16

What factors contribute to positive group therapy outcomes?

Answer 16

1. group planning (10 or less sessions)
2. group structure (boundaries, trust, cohesion)
3. pre-group training
4. therapeutic factors
5. leader characteristics

Question 17

What are the duties and responsibilities of a school counselor?

Answer 17

Consultation, classroom guidance, peer mediation, personal issues, behavior modification, career interventions, etc

Question 18

What are the 5 steps to ensure empirically based treatment?

Answer 18

1. determine clinical question
2. find empirical literature
3. evaluate evidence
4. use results to shape treatment
   5, evaluate outcome of intervention

Question 19

Needs Assessment

Answer 19

Process to identify needs of various sub populations in a community. Establishes priorities for a counseling program

Question 20

What are the two types of needs assessments?

Answer 20

1. Data-driven

2. Perceptions-based

Question 21

What are the steps to conducting a needs assessment?

Answer 21

1. identify guiding questions & goals
2. identify populations to be assessed
3. collect needs assessment data
4. analyze and interpret data

Question 22

Data-Driven Needs Assessment

Answer 22

Objectively identify needs of client populations by looking at existing data. Look at aggregated results of performance

Question 23

Perceptions Based Needs Assessment

Answer 23

Content driven and subjective. Utilize surveys and focus groups to identify subjective needs.

Question 24

Tips to develop a Needs Assessment

Answer 24

1. Use sequencing questions
2. Use wording questions
3. Establish/keep rapport & cooperation
4. Give instructions

Question 25

Steps to convert Needs into program goals/objectives

Answer 25

1. prioritize needs 2. translate needs into goals 3. operationalize goals into learning objectives 4. write objectives &goals in ABCD model (Audience, Behavior, Conditions, Description)

Question 26

ABCD model of converting needs into program goals and objectives

Answer 26

Audience, Behavior, Conditions, Description

Question 27

Aggregated Outcomes

Answer 27

Combining results to globalize or generalize them

Question 28

What are the designs for outcomes research?

Answer 28

1. Non-experimental 2. Quasi-experimental 3. True experimental

Question 29

Non-Experimental Designs

Answer 29

Can't control nonmanipulated variable (ex age), little to no attempt to control internal validity 1. Pretest-Posttest Single Group (only one group, can't control for other factors affecting outcome) 2. Case Study (can't control for nonexperimental variables, no internal validity) 3. Static Group Comparison (compare intervention group to non intervention group, no pretest/baseline or control over nonmanipulated variables)

Question 30

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Answer 30

Can't control nonmanipulated variable (ex age), some attempt to control internal validity 1. Two Sample Pretest-Posttest (two groups but can't be randomly assigned, ex grouped by personality, both get intervention) 2. Nonequivalent Control Group (two groups but can't be randomly assigned, ex grouped by personality, only one gets intervention) 3. Time series (only one group; can't control for other factors that may have co-occurred with intervention)

Question 31

True Experimental

Answer 31

Can control nonmanipulated variables, attempts to control internal validity 1. Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group (controls for individual differences, compares to normed group) 2. Randomized Posttest Only (randomized group, but doesn't account for differences before intervention)

Question 32

What are the 3 questions you should ask yourself when deciding which research design to use?

Answer 32

1. Has the treatment already been implemented? 2. Can I randomly assign participants? 3. Can I conduct one (or several) pretest, posttest, or both?

Question 33

What are the most common Single Subject Research Designs?

Answer 33

1. AB (observation before and after intervention) | 2. ABAB (same as AB, but you remove the intervention and observe and then re-implement it and observe)