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MIDS 137 > Ch 1 (intro) & 2a (normal anatomy) > Flashcards

Ch 1 (intro) & 2a (normal anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

What is dysmenorrhea?

A

Painful menses

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2
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

Lack of menses

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3
Q

What is menorrhagia?

A

Excessive menstrual bleeding

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4
Q

What is metrorrhagia?

A

Irregular uterine bleeding

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5
Q

What is menometrorrhagia?

A

Excessive irregular bleeding

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6
Q

What is GPAT?

A

Gravida - # pregnancies
Para - # pregnancies to term (over 36w)
Abortion - # failed pregnancies
Term - # birthed children

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7
Q

Where to place calipers in uterus measurement?

A

Outer to outer

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8
Q

What is the sliding sign?

A

Shows if pelvic organs can move with probe pressure
(most pelvic organs are mobile + should slide)

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9
Q

What 4 bones make up pelvic skeleton?

A

-Sacrum (posterior + middle)
-Coccyx (posterior + middle below sacrum)
-2 innominate bones (anterior/lateral, join at symphysis pubis under coccyx)

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10
Q

Difference b/w true + false pelvis?

A

True - internal deep center part
False - outer wings + superior part

True: pelvic colon, rectum, bladder, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, suspensory ligaments
False: ileum + sigmoid colon

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11
Q

What are the 3 pelvic muscle categorizes?

A
  1. Abdominopelvic
  2. False pelvis
  3. True pelvis
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12
Q

What are the m/c abdominopelvic muscles?

A

-Rectus abdominis
-Psoas

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13
Q

What is the m/c false pelvic muscle?

A

Iliacus that turns into the iliopsoas

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14
Q

What are the m/c true pelvic muscles?

A

-Obturator internus
-Piriformis

+

Innermost layers of pelvis:
-Levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus + puborectalis)
-Coccygeus

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15
Q

What is the levator ani like?

A

A hammock

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16
Q

What is the space of retzius?

A

Space b/w symphysis pubis + bladder

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17
Q

What layers of the bladder are visible?

A

-Inner mucosa layer
-Middle thick muscularis layer

(outer serosal layer not seen b/c too thin)

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18
Q

Is the vagina considered a potential space?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What are the 4 segments of the uterus?

A

Fundus - top
Corpus - largest
Isthmus - transition b/w corpus + cervix
Cervix - neck going into vagina

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20
Q

What is the external oz?

A

Part connects cervix to vagina, closest to exit body

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21
Q

What is internal oz?

A

Part b/w cervix + body uterus

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22
Q

Layers of uterus?

A

Perimetrium - outer
Myometrium - thick middle
Endometrium - inner

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23
Q

What layers of uterus do we see on u/s?

A

-Myometrium
-Endometrium (composed of basalis that does NOT shed + functionalis that DOES shed during menstruation)

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24
Q

What are the 3 uterine ligaments?

A

-Cardinal
-Round
-Broad

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25
Q

Where is the cardinal/TRV cervical ligament?

A

Lateral region cervix + lateral margin uterine corpus

(think cervix)

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26
Q

Where is the round ligament?

A

From uterine cornua/horn across the pelvic space from posterior to anterior

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27
Q

What does version + flexion refer to in uterine positions?

A

Version: cervix angle
Flexion: uterine body angle

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28
Q

Where is the broad ligament?

A

-Divides true pelvis into anterior + posterior parts
-Hardest to see b/c is actually a double fold of peritoneum
-Not a true ligament

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29
Q

What are the 4 segments of the fallopian tubes?

A

Intramural - where tube connects to uterus
Isthmic - only tube
Ampullary - longest + tortuous
Infundibulum - finger like + must catch egg from ovary

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30
Q

What are the 3 ovarian ligaments?

A

Ovarian - connects uterus to ovary
Infundibulopelvic - connects pelvis to ovary
Mesovarium - encases ovary

31
Q

3 parts of pelvic vascular system?

A

Arteries, veins, lymphatics

32
Q

What artery feeds the pelvic organs?

A

Internal iliac artery

33
Q

What artery is most important to sonographers in OB imaging?

A

Uterine artery
(comes off internal iliac + enters uterus at cervix)

34
Q

What does the internal iliac artery + external iliac vein do to the ovaries?

A

Internal: feed ovaries
External: drains ovaries

35
Q

How much water to drink for TA exam?

A

32 oz, 1 hour before

36
Q

Do we need a full bladder for an EV?

A

No, empty

37
Q

Frequency for TA/TP probe?

A

2.5-5 MHz

38
Q

Frequency for EV probe?

A

3-7.5 MHz

39
Q

Uterus length in child + nulliparous adult?

A

Child: 2.5cm long, 1cm AP
Adult: 8cm long, 5.5cm wide, 3cm AP

40
Q

Fallopian tube length?

A

7-14cm

41
Q

Ovary measurement?

A

2.5-5cm in length
1.5-3cm in width
0.6-2.2cm AP

Volume = 6-9cm^3

42
Q

Where do the right and left ovarian veins drain into?

A

Right: directly into IVC
Left: directly into left renal vein, then IVC

43
Q

What is the bimanual maneuver?

A

Aid in optimizing EV imaging as the sonographer puts hand on pt’s pelvic area + gently applies pressure over site of interest to move bowel out of the way or other organs/structures that are high up in the pelvis into FOW (ex this helps visualize an ovary better)

44
Q

What 2 muscles m/c seen in TRV on pelvic u/s?

A

-rectus abdominis (from 5,6,7 ribs + xiphoid process to symphysis pubis + pubic crest)
-psoas

45
Q

What is linea alba?

A

Midline separation (space) b/w R/L aspects of rectus abdominis (our 6 pack)

46
Q

Is the rectus abdominus muscle superficial?

A

Yes, very!

47
Q

Where does psoas originate from?

A

Lower thoracic + lumbar vertebrae

48
Q

What happens at L5 to the psoas?

A

Goes more lateral now creating a gutter within the space, the common iliacs run through here

49
Q

What does the iliacus turn into?

A

Iliopsoas (happens below level of iliac crest)

50
Q

SF of iliopsoas?

A

Long hypoechoic strip beside uterus + bladder

51
Q

Where is the obturator internus?

A

-true pelvis
-it is triangular
-extends posteriorly + medially along sides of true pelvis
-hard to see

52
Q

Where is the piriformis?

A

-true pelvis
-from sacrum, goes laterally + inserts on greater trochanter of femur
-usually obscured from gas unless bladder very full

53
Q

What muscles make up pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani

54
Q

Is the anterior or posterior bladder wall composed of the trigone region?

A

Posterior (orifices of 2 ureters + urethra)

55
Q

What layers of bladder can we see?

A

-inner mucosa
-thick middle muscularis

56
Q

Vag length?

A

7-10cm long

57
Q

What is a vaginal fornice?

A

Little lip/ring in the vagina where the cervix is. The posterior fornix is deeper than the anterior fornix. Spaces normally collapsed.

58
Q

Cervix length?

A

2-3cm long

59
Q

What does the endocervical mucosa do?

A

Prevents upward migration of bacteria from vag into uterus (forms mucous plug in pregnancy which seals the uterus)

60
Q

Which endo layer sheds?

A

Functionalis (NOT basalis)

61
Q

Names of the superficial + deep layer of endo?

A

Superficial: functionalis that sheds
Deep: basalis does not shed

62
Q

Location of ovarian ligs?

A

Ovarian: from uterus to inferior pole ovary (connects uterus to ovary)

Infundibulopelvic: brim of pelvis to lateral pole ovary (connects pelvis to ovary)

Mesovarium: double layer peritoneum from posterior surface of broad lig (encases ovary)

63
Q

3 locations ovaries could be?

A

-posterior cul de sasc
-adnexa
-above or behind fundus of uterus

64
Q

Space of Retzius location?

A

B/w bladder + sym pubis

65
Q

Anterior cul de sac location?

A

B/w bladder + uterus

66
Q

Posterior cul de sac location?

A

B/w sigmoid colon/rectum + uterus

67
Q

Where does the external iliac go?

A

Out of pelvis

68
Q

Primary blood supply for uterus, vag, bladder + muscles of pelvic floor?

A

Internal iliac artery (feeds pelvic organs)

69
Q

Where does the ovarian artery arise from?

A

Aorta

70
Q

What does the ovarian artery connect with?

A

Uterine artery, they provide a fail safe blood supply

(so that if ovary can’t get blood supply from ovarian artery it has another way to get blood so it doesn’t die)

71
Q

Where does uterine artery arise from?

A

Internal iliac artery

72
Q

Does IVC bifurcate above or below level of AO bif?

A

Slightly below AO BIF

73
Q

What do the external + internal iliac veins do?

A

External: drain legs
Internal: drain pelvic organs + muscles

74
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Fabric of veins that cover an area or organ

MIDS 137 (14 decks)

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