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MIDS 137 > Ch 2b (embryo development) + 2c (menstrual cycle) > Flashcards

Ch 2b (embryo development) + 2c (menstrual cycle) Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for mullerian ducts?

A

Paramesonephric (think females)

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2
Q

Another name for wolffian ducts?

A

Mesonephric ducts (think males)

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3
Q

What does hypothalamus release?

A

GnRH

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4
Q

What does anterior pituitary release?

A

FSH + LH

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5
Q

What do the ovaries release?

A

Estrogen + progesterone

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6
Q

What is carnegie staging?

A

Method to classify embryo into categories based off age, size + morphologic characteristics

(23 stages of fetal development)

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7
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates ovarian follicle growth + maturation, estrogen secretion + endometrial changes

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8
Q

What does LH do?

A

Causes ovulation and secretion of androgens + progesterone

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9
Q

Why do we use a capillary to capillary connection?

A

It makes interactions happen really quickly

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10
Q

What 2 systems are apart of the genitourinary system?

A

-Reproductive
-Urinary

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11
Q

What is embryogenesis?

A

Embryo development

(strong relationship b/w urinary + reproductive systems - anomalies in one system can result in coexisting malformations in the other)
Ex. if right kidney is gone, right ovary is gone.

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12
Q

What structures develop during the first 8 weeks of the carnegie staging?

A

Development of organs (organogenesis)

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13
Q

At what week does carnegie staging end?

A

At end of the 8th week when fetal period begins (goes from embryo to fetus)

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14
Q

At what week does carnegie staging start?

A

Applies to first 8 weeks of gestation (23 stages)

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15
Q

At what week is the pre-embryonic phase?

A

First 4 weeks

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16
Q

At what week is the embryonic phase?

A

Week 4-8

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17
Q

At what week is the fetal development phase?

A

Over 8 weeks

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18
Q

What happens in the pre-embryonic phase?

A

-gender is determined from fusion of sperm + egg (1st carnegie stage)
-XX female
-XY male

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19
Q

Name of female gamete?

A

Ovum (23 chromosomes)

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20
Q

Name of male gamete?

A

Spermatozoon (23 chromosomes)

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21
Q

How many chromosomes does each zygote have?

A

46, 23 pairs

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22
Q

What happens in week 6 of the embryonic phase?

A

Primordial germ cells move from YS into fetal pole + invade gonadal ridges (stage 17 carnegie)

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23
Q

What are primordial germ cells?

A

They express female or male characteristics

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24
Q

When are primordial germ cells seen in carnegie stage?

A

Stage 6

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25
Q

What are gonadal ridges + where are they located?

A

-Precursors to ovaries/testes
-Located on anteromedial sides of mesonephros (where kidneys develop)

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26
Q

What are primitive sex cords/rete + where are they located?

A

-Establishes the 1st urogenital connection in the embryo (due to connection b/w gonadal ridges + mesonephros as it forms 1 system)
-Located on lateral side of mesonephros

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27
Q

Where do the urinary and reproductive systems drain into?

A

Cloaca

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28
Q

What develops lateral to the gonadal ridges?

A

Mesonephros (wolffian bodies/kidneys) + mesonephric ducts (wolffian ducts)

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29
Q

What happens to the primitive sex cords in male + females?

A

Males: becomes rete testes
Females: degenerates

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30
Q

What is week 7 in the embryonic phase called?

A

The indifferent gonad stage
(can’t differentiate b/w male + female)

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31
Q

What happens to the mullerian ducts in males + females during week 7?

A

Males: degenerates
Females: turns into uterus + fallopian tubes

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32
Q

What do cortical cords (Pluger’s tubules) in females develop into once they split?

A

Eggs/oogonia

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33
Q

What 2 ducts fuse together at midline to form the uterovaginal canal?

A

The 2 mullerian ducts

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34
Q

What happens at week 13 in fetal development?

A

We can see mullerian ducts on either side of body fusing together at the bottom. The unfused top parts are the fallopian tubes. The fused bottom part is the endo canal with the uterus around that.

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35
Q

What do the mullerin ducts create in week 13?

A

Top third of vag, cervix, uterus + tubes

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36
Q

How does the vagina develop?

A

Upper region from mullerian ducts, lower region from urogenital sinus

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37
Q

What is the urogenital sinus?

A

Ventral half of primitive cloaca (hindgut)

38
Q

What does the upper portion of urogenital sinus create?

A

Urinary bladder

39
Q

What are the 2 portions of the lower portion of the urogenital sinus called?

A

Pars pelvina: forms part vag
Pars phallica: forms external genitalia

(think pelvina = vagina)

40
Q

What is the structure called that separates the urogenital sinus from the vag?

A

The hymen (thin tissue)

41
Q

At what week does the external genitalia develop?

A

Week 9

42
Q

What day of gestation is gonadal gender determined in males/females?

A

Males: 44th day, stage 18 carnegie
Females: 49th day, stage 20 carnegie

43
Q

What does the genital tubercle become?

A

The primordial phallus

Females: clitoris
Males: penis

44
Q

Which hormone promotes development of female genitalia?

A

Estrogen

45
Q

By what day is the external genitalia completely formed?

A

By 56 days, stage 23 carnegie

46
Q

How is the labia minora formed?

A

From labioscrotal/urogenital folds

47
Q

How is the labia majora formed?

A

From nonfused labioscrotal folds

48
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Series of changes to endo in prep for fertilized ovum. If not fertilized, lining of endo sheds during menstruation.

49
Q

What is known as the control center of the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

50
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

-homeostasis
-monitors blood temp
-in charge of appetite
-stimulates/regulates menstrual cycle

51
Q

Location of hypothalamus?

A

Superior to pituitary gland in brain

52
Q

What does the hypophyseal portal system do?

A

Allows rapid communication b/w hypothalamus + anterior pituitary gland
(uses capillary to capillary connection)

53
Q

What type of hormones are FSH + LH considered?

A

Gonadotropic hormones

54
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

-Estrogen
-Progesterone
-Bit of testosterone

55
Q

What do ovarian endocrine functions control?

A

Female body characteristics:
-breasts
-body shape
-body hair
-regulates menstrual cycle
-pregnancy

56
Q

What hormone causes the endo to thicken before ovulation?

A

Estrogen

57
Q

What does LH control?

A

-duration + progression of menstrual cycle
-ovulation (maturing the graafian follicle)
-prep uterus for implantation
-controls production of estrogen + progesterone

58
Q

What is the LH surge?

A

Sharp rise in LH which triggers ovulation (day 14)

59
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Estrogen + large amounts of progesterone (P supports implantation if it occurs)

60
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

-Regulates growth, development of female body characteristics + function of reproductive system
-Helps promote blood clotting + minimize loss of calcium from bones
-Thickens endo before ovulation

(main source from the ovaries)

61
Q

What does progesterone mainly do to the body?

A

-Prepares body for pregnancy + supports it until birth
-Supports corpus luteum before placenta forms

62
Q

Some functions of progesterone?

A

-prepares endo for implantation
-blocks development of new follicles
-modifies cervical mucus

63
Q

Is the hormone feedback loop + or - ?

A

Negative, except it is positive for 6-8 hours during ovulation to promote pregnancy

64
Q

3 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

-Follicular
-Ovulatory
-Luteal

65
Q

When does meiosis occur in life?

A

Starts in fetus, then resumes approx 12 years later when puberty begins

66
Q

Where does the 1st + 2nd meiotic division occur?

A

1st: just before oocyte releases from ovary
2nd: upon fertilization, occurs in fallopian tube right after ovulation

67
Q

Where are oocytes located?

A

In follicles

68
Q

What is the follicular stage known as?

A

Preovulatory stage (starts when period begins)

69
Q

What causes menstrual bleeding to start?

A

Low levels of estrogen + progesterone

70
Q

When does estrogen peak in the follicular phase?

A

At the very end

71
Q

SF of follicular phase?

A

Appears as multiple small anechoic cysts/follicles, closer to ovulation 1-2 large dominant follicles may be present

72
Q

What surge occurs in the ovulatory phase?

A

The LH + FSH surge (very high levels), to cause follicle to rupture out

73
Q

Is fluid in the posterior cul de sac common around time of ovulation?

A

Yes!

74
Q

What is mittelschmerz?

A

Pain on the same side as ovulation

75
Q

Main hormone associated with luteal phase?

A

Progesterone

76
Q

How long does a corpus luteum last after ovulation?

A

12-14 days unless it receives hCG from developing embryo

77
Q

How old are girls when the female reproductive years begin?

A

11-13 years old with start of period

78
Q

When does menopause occur?

A

40-55 years old

79
Q

Average range days for cycles?

A

Anywhere from 21-35 days

Polymenorrhea: cycle less than 21 days
Oligomenorrhea: cycle greater than 35 days

80
Q

3 phases of menstrual cycle?

A

-Menses (bleeding)
-Proliferative (no bleeding)
-Secretory (ovulation)

81
Q

What layers of the endo are shed during menses?

A

The stratum compactum + stratum spongiosum = functional layer of endo

(NOT the stratum basal)

82
Q

What is the triple line sign?

A

Thick endo (5-11mm) in proliferative + late follicular phases on day 13. Shows the 3 layers of the endo on u/s.

83
Q

If fertilization occurs, when would the blastocyst implant in the endo after ovulation?

A

7 days after ovulation

84
Q

Difference b/w primary + secondary amenorrhea?

A

Primary: when menarche does not occur in a girl aged 16

Secondary: when have started menstruation but has had 3 absent periods or 6 months

85
Q

What is premature ovarian failure (POF)?

A

Primary ovarian defect with lack of menarche (primary amenorrhea) or premature depletion of follicles before 40 y/o (secondary amenorrhea)

86
Q

Do women with PCOS ovulate?

A

No (they have infrequent periods)

87
Q

SF of postmenopausal ovary?

A

-decrease in ovarian size
-absent follicles
-hypoechoic, well defined, echo complex

88
Q

Why do women take hormone replacement therapy?

A

Relieves symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, vag dryness, mood swings + difficulty sleeping

89
Q

Are there any negative effects while taking HRT?

A

If on it for over 5 years it increases chance of cancers, heart disease, stroke + pulmonary embolism

90
Q

Endo thickness for postmenopausal women?

A

Thin, less than 4-5mm

MIDS 137 (14 decks)

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