Ch. 1 Intro & Historical Review

Question 1

abnormal psychology

Answer 1

field of psychology devoted to the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorder

Question 2

stigma

Answer 2

destructive beliefs and attitudes that are held by society that are ascribed to groups considered “different”
- no one is immune
- psychological disorders receive the most despite advances of learning about their origins

Question 3

four characteristics of stigma

Answer 3

• distinguishing label is applied
• label refers to undesirable attributes
• people with the label are seen as different
• people with the label are discriminated against

Question 4

DSM-5-TR qualifications for a disorder

Answer 4

• the disorder occurs within the individual
• it involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving
• it usually involves personal distress of some sort
• it involves dysfunction in psychological, developmental, and/or neurobiological processes that support mental functioning
• it is not a culturally specific reaction to an event
• it is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society

Question 5

three characteristics of a psychological disorder

Answer 5

• personal distress
• violation of social norms
• disability and dysfunction

Question 6

supernatural explanation

Answer 6

• China, Egypt, Babylonia, Hebrews, and Ancient Greece
• displeasure of gods or possession by demons
  gods were in control of crops successfulness, birth of children
• housed within the brain
  drilling into the head would allow demons to be released
• practice of dissection was inappropriate

Question 7

early biological explanations

Answer 7

• hippocrates
• broke from supernatural explanations and focused on brain pathology
• first discussion of balance within the body
• mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever)
• balance of four humors or substances located in the body (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm)
• 7 centuries; 700 years

Question 8

early biological treatment

Answer 8

• bloodletting
• intentional use of leeches

Question 9

dark ages

Answer 9

• 2nd century AD
• marked by the death of Galen (2nd Century Greek physician)
• christian monasteries replaced physicians as healers
• return to belief of supernatural causes

Question 10

dark ages treatments

Answer 10

• cared and prayed for by monks
• touched by relics
• potions in the waning phases of the moon
• driven my symptoms rather than etiology
  starting with symptoms is problematic

Question 11

lunacy trials

Answer 11

• 13th Century England
• cities of Europe grew larger
• mental health: orientation, memory, intellect, daily life, habits
• municipal authorities assumed responsibility for care of people in hospitals
• all done under the auspices of the Crown’s right to protect the people.

Question 12

priory of st. mary of bethlehem

Answer 12

• 1243
• “side shows”
• aristocracy would tour and buy souvenirs
• origin term of “Bedlam” meaning asylum
• did not change beds; feces and urine, disease ridden
• breeding ground for making people sicker

Question 13

treatment in asylums

Answer 13

• non-existent or harmful
• benjamin rush recommended bloodletting and terrifying patients into sanity
  idea of exposure therapy
  he founded American Psychiatric Association
• treatment showed how society viewed them
• society itself needed protection from the mentally ill people

Question 14

philippe pinel

Answer 14

• 1745-1826
• humane treatment in asylums; moral treatment
• compassion and dignity
• reserved for the upper class
• patient to staff ratio was not accommodating to lower classes

Question 15

moral treatment

Answer 15

• small, privately funded humanitarian mental hospitals
• purposeful activities (e.g., gardening, drawing, music)
• spoke with attendants; included patients in conversation

Question 16

dorothea dix

Answer 16

• 1802-1887
• worked to establish 32 new public hospitals to take people unable to pay for private hospitals
• small staffs could not provide necessary individual attention that was the hallmark of moral treatment

Question 17

early biological approaches

Answer 17

general paresis and syphilis

Question 18

general paresis and syphilis

Answer 18

• link demonstrated how biological cause could contribute to mental symptoms
• general paresis involved deterioration of mental and physical abilities, and progressive paralysis
• some victims also had syphilis
• 1905: causal link between infection, brain damage, and psychopathology
• biological causes gained credibility

Question 19

frances gulton

Answer 19

• 1822-1911
• genetic research with twins → belief that mental illness is inherited
• dominant paradigm; point of view → hereditary
  airborne theory of illness → germ theory
• no surgical instruments were washed or sterilized between surgeries or procedures
• cousin of charles darwin (a botanist)
• eugenics movement: forced sterilization of those with “undesirable characteristics” made into law by many states
  both men and women
• WWII, Disability, Race, Gender

Question 20

biological treatments

Answer 20

• insulin-coma therapy
• electroconvulsive therapy (still used today)
• prefrontal lobotomy

Question 21

insulin-coma therapy

Answer 21

• a way of calming one down
• sakel 1930s

Question 22

prefrontal / transorbital lobotomy

Answer 22

• moniz, 1935
• destruction of tracts (cortical to subcortical areas) connecting frontal lobes to other brain areas
• “controlled” violent behaviors, resulting in listlessness, apathy, and loss of cognitive abilities → calmness, ultimate goal
• won the Nobel Peace Prize

Question 23

early psychological approaches

Answer 23

• mesmer
• charcot
• bruer
• freud

Question 24

mesmer

Answer 24

• 1734-1815
• early disruption of a universal magnetic fluid in the body; used magnets to influence fluids to induce behavioral change
  early hypnosis and first “pop-psychology”
• connections to upper class; held parties to help people with madness for a show
• brought out the idea of social influence

Question 25

charcot

Answer 25

- 1825-1893 - helped to legitimize hypnosis as a treatment - resulted people surviving in more surgeries - mindfulness in today’s society - before this, psychology was not accepted as a real science

Question 26

bruer

Answer 26

- 1842-1925 - anna o received the cathartic method (via hypnosis), which is the release of emotional tension triggered by expressing forgotten trauma - avoid intense emotion; crying, exclamation emotional and behavioral restraint was critical

Question 27

freud

Answer 27

- unconscious conflicts between id, ego, and superego generates anxiety that result in defense mechanisms to protect the ego - early, sexual, traumatic experiences - Id, ego, superego - psychoanalysis is a particular way of listening to a patient’s story to reveal the true backstory and finding the deeper meaning and connections

Question 28

Id

Answer 28

present at birth, biological, and unconscious, seeks immediate gratification

Question 29

ego

Answer 29

primarily conscious, mediates between demands of reality and the id’s demands for immediate gratification

Question 30

superego

Answer 30

the conscience develops as we incorporate parental and societal values

Question 31

psychoanalytic therapy

Answer 31

- goal was to understand early childhood experiences, the nature of key relationships, and patterns in current relationships -transference patient responds to analyst in similar ways as important past relationships - biggest weakness

Question 32

the legacy of freud

Answer 32

- childhood experiences do shape adult personality and relationships - modern look at development of stress response - there are unconscious influences on behavior - causes and purposes of behavior are not always obvious

Question 33

rise of behaviorism

Answer 33

- focus on observable behavior with an emphasis on learning - foundation of behavioral therapy - not covering: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, modeling

Question 34

importance of cognition

Answer 34

- rose in popularity during the 1960s - how we think about a situation influences our feelings and behaviors development of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) - how people construe themselves and the world is a major determinant of psychological disorders - focus is on becoming more aware of maladaptive thoughts - changing cognitions to change feelings, behaviors, and symptoms - biopsychosocial approach sees maladaptive thoughts as circuits in the brain