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CSCS Cert > Ch 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems > Flashcards

Ch 1 Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, backbone, ribs and sternum

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

shoulder girdle, arms, wrists, hands, pelvic girdle, legs, ankles, and feet

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3
Q

fibrous joints

A

non moving bone structures

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4
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

joints w/ limited movement

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5
Q

synovial joints

A

joints w/ considerable movement

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6
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

covers articulating bone ends

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7
Q

synovial fluid

A

capsule that encloses the joint

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8
Q

uniaxial joints

A

act like hinges by rotating on 1 axis

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9
Q

biaxial joints

A

allow movement on 2 perpendicular planes

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10
Q

multiaxial joints

A

allow movement in al 3 perpendicular axes of space

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11
Q

vertebral column

A

made up of vertebrae separated by flexible discs

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12
Q

epimysium

A

fibrous connective tissue that covers the skeletal muscles

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13
Q

tendon

A

pulls on the bone when the muscle contracts

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14
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk of the body

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15
Q

distal

A

farther from the trunk of the body

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16
Q

superior

A

closer to the head of the body

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17
Q

inferior

A

closer to the feet of the body

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18
Q

muscle fibers

A

muscle cells

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19
Q

fasciculi

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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20
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds the fasciculi

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21
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber

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22
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle fiber’s membrane

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23
Q

motor neuron

A

nerve cell

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24
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates

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25
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

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26
Q

myofibrils

A

located in the sarcoplasm of the muscle fiber and contains the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell

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27
Q

myofilament

A

next smallest unit of a muscle fiber

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28
Q

myosin

A

thick myofilament

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29
Q

actin

A

thin myofilament

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30
Q

crossbridge

A

where a pair of myosin filaments interact w/ actin

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31
Q

sarcomere

A

smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle

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32
Q

A-band

A

dark part of myofilament that corresponds w/ the alignment of the myosin

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33
Q

I-band

A

light part of myofilament that corresponds w/ the area in 2 adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments

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34
Q

Z-line

A

the middle of the I-band that appears as a thin dark line running longitudinally

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35
Q

H-zone

A

area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present

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36
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

an intricate system of tubules that is parallel to and surrounds each myofibril and terminates at the vesicles in the vicinity of the Z-lines

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37
Q

T-tubules

A

transverse tubules that run perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminate in the vicinity of the Z-line between 2 vesicles

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38
Q

action potential

A

electrical nerve impulse

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39
Q

sliding-filament theory

A

states that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments pulling the Z-line toward the center of the sarcomere thus shortening the muscle fiber

40
Q

troponin

A

a protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions

41
Q

tropomyosin

A

protein molecule that runs along the length of the actin filament in the grove of the double helix

42
Q

power stroke

A

pulling action of z-line toward the center of the muscle fiber due to actin sliding inward on myosin

43
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter released due to AP that diffuses across the neuromuscular junction an excited the sarcolemma causing the muscle fiber to contract

44
Q

all or none principle

A

states that a motor neuron stimulus can’t cause only some of the fibers to contract and a stronger AP can’t produce a stronger contractions

45
Q

twitch

A

a brief contaction

46
Q

tetanus

A

when twitches begin to merge and eventually fuse

47
Q

slow twitch fiber

A

develops force and release slowly producing a long twitch time

48
Q

fast twitch fiber

A

develops force and relaxes quickly producing a short twitch time

49
Q

type I fiber

A

slow-twitch fiber

50
Q

type IIa fiber

A

fast-twitch fiber

51
Q

type IIx fiber

A

fast-twitch fibers

52
Q

proprioceptors

A

specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles and tendons

53
Q

muscle spindles

A

proprioceptors made of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue

54
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

the modified fibers in muscle spindles

55
Q

extrafusal fibers

A

the normal fibers in muscle spindles

56
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction and are in series w/ extrafusal muscle fibers; they inhibit muscle activation

57
Q

atria

A

upper chambers of heart that deliver blood to the ventricles

58
Q

ventricles

A

lower chambers of heart that pump blood through the body

59
Q

tricuspid valve

A

1 of the AV valves

60
Q

mitral valve

A

1 of the AV valves

61
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

prevent flow of blood from ventricles to atria during systole

62
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction

63
Q

aortic valve

A

one of the semilunar valves

64
Q

pulmonary valve

A

one of the semilunar valves

65
Q

semilunar valves

A

prevents back flow from aorta and pulmonary arteries into ventricles during diastole

66
Q

diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

67
Q

sinoatrial node node

A

intrinsic pacemaker of heart

68
Q

atrioventricular node

A

slightly delayed impulse that signals for blood to be passed into the ventricles

69
Q

AV bundle

A

conducts impulses to ventricles

70
Q

LBB, RBB, and Purkinje fibers

A

conducts impulses to ventricles

71
Q

myocardium

A

heart muscle

72
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

accelerates depolarization of the SA node making the heart beat faster

73
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

slows rate of SA d/c slowing HR

74
Q

bradycardia

A

<60 BPM

75
Q

tachycardia

A

> 100 BPM

76
Q

ECG

A

graph of electrical activity of heart

77
Q

P-wave

A

records electrical depolarization of atria

78
Q

QRS complex

A

records electrical depolarization of ventricles

79
Q

depolarization

A

reversal of membrane electrical potential

80
Q

T-wave

A

caused by electrical potential generated as ventricles recover from depolarization

81
Q

repolarization

A

represented in ventricles by T-waves

82
Q

arterial system

A

carries blood away from the heart

83
Q

venous system

A

returns blood toward heart

84
Q

arteries

A

transports pumped blood from heart to body

85
Q

arterioles

A

small branches of arteries where blood enters capillaries from

86
Q

capillaries

A

facilitates exchanges of O2, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones and other substances between the blood and interstitial fluid in the body tissue

87
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillaries and gradually converge into progressively larger veins

88
Q

veins

A

transport blood from body back to heart

89
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron protein molecule that transports O2 and acts as an acid-base buffer which helps regulate rate of chemical rxn in cells

90
Q

red blood cells

A

helps remove O2 from body and blood

91
Q

trachea

A

1st generation respiratory passage

92
Q

bronchi

A

2nd generation respiratory passage

93
Q

bronchioles

A

3rd generation respiratory passage

94
Q

pleural pressure

A

the pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura

95
Q

pleura

A

membranes enveloping the lungs and lining of the chest

96
Q

alveolar pressure

A

pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs

97
Q

diffusion

A

random motion of molecules moving in opposite directions through the alveolar capillary membrane

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