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Sociology 102: Cultural Anthropology > Ch. 1: What Is Anthropology > Flashcards

Ch. 1: What Is Anthropology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is Culture?

A

An environmental force that shapes peoples’ personalities, bodies, and health by influencing what they do, eat, and think.

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2
Q

A primary reason Anthropology is so effective

A

The discipline is based on cross-cultural perspective which gives more data than just a single nation

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3
Q

What leads to Human Diversity?

A

Adaptability

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4
Q

What is Anthropology?

A

The study of humans around the world and through time

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5
Q

What is Holism?

A

To study the whole of the human condition: past, present, future; biology, society, language, and culture.

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6
Q

What is society?

A

Organized life in groups

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7
Q

What are cultures?

A

Traditions and customs, transmitted through learning, that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed.

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8
Q

What is enculturation?

A

A process of learning traditions by growing up in a particular society.

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9
Q

What features of human biology are necessary to use culture?

A

Ability to learn, think symbolically, use language, and make and use tools

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10
Q

Most critical element of cultural traditions?

A

The transmission through learning rather than biological inheritance

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11
Q

What is adaptation?

A

The process by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses

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12
Q

Forms of Adaptation:

A

Technological - Cultural Adaptation
Genetic - Biological
Long term Physiological(occurs during growth and development of organism)- Biological
Short term Physiological(occurs spontaneously when in new environment)- Biological

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13
Q

Examples of world events that create Globalization

A

Disasters, Space, and Sports

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14
Q

Example of how the rate of adaptation has been accelerating

A

Transition from foraging to The Food Production process which originated between 12000 and 10000 years ago

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15
Q

When we’re the first civilizations developed?

A

Between 6000 and 5000 B.P (before the present)

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16
Q

Biocultural

A

Using and combining both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to analyze and understand a particular issue or problem

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17
Q

What influences participation and achievement in sports?

A

Cultural standards of attractiveness and propriety

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18
Q

General Anthropology

A

The academic discipline of Anthropology also known as “Four Field” anthropology

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19
Q

The four main sub fields of General Anthropology:

A

1.) Sociocultural Anthro.
2.) Anthro. Archaeology
3.) Biological Anthro.
4.) Linguistic Anthro.

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20
Q

What is Sociocultural Anthropology?

A

Cultural Anthro. That focuses on societies of the present and near past

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21
Q

What is Anthropological Archaeology?

A

The reconstruction of life ways of ancient and more recent societies through analysis of material remains

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22
Q

What is Biological Anthropology?

A

The study of human biological variation through time and across geographic space

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23
Q

What is Linguistic Anthropology?

A

Examining language through social and cultural context

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24
Q

Which field of anthropology has the largest membership?

A

Cultural Anthropology

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25
The origin of North American Anthro. Can be traced back to when? And for what society?
The 19th Century. To study the origins and diversity of Native Americans
26
Any conclusion about human nature must be pursued with what?
A comparative, cross-cultural approach
27
What do the Four Subfields share in common?
The goal of exploring variation in time and space to improve the understanding of human biology, society, and culture and their interrelations
28
What is Cultural Anthro.?
Comparative, cross-cultural study of human society and culture
29
What is Ethnography?
Fieldwork in a particular cultural setting that provides an account for that society
30
What is Ethnology?
The study of sociocultural differences and similarities by examining, interpreting, and analyzing the results of ethnography
31
Characteristics of Ethnography
Fieldwork Descriptive Group/community specific
32
Characteristics of Ethnology
Uses data collected Usually synthetic Comparative/cross cultural
33
Archaeological material remains include:
Artifacts Garbage Burials Grains Remains of structures
34
What is ecology?
The study of interrelations among living things in an environment
35
What is paleoecology?
Examining ecosystems of the past
36
Archaeologists reconstruct:
Ecological patterns Behavior patterns Lifestyles of past
37
Who launched a long term study of modern garbage disposal practices?
William Rathje
38
What value does garbage have from past?
Provides evidence of what people actually did
39
What are the five specialties of Biological Anthropology?
Human Biological Evolution Human Genetics Human Growth and development Human Biological plasticity(adapt) Primatology
40
What is Linguistic Anthropology?
The study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society
41
What are sociolinguistics?
The study of language in society
42
What are the two dimensions of Anthropology?
Academic Applied
43
What is Applied Anthro.(public archaeology)?
The use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems
44
Who are Cultural Resource Management(CRM)?
They decide what significant information needs to be saved at a site that cannot be saved
45
What is a Science?
A field of study that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world
46
What kind of science is Anthropology?
A humanistic science - devoted to discovering, describing, understanding, and appreciating humans and ancestors
47
The humanities include fields that study:
Languages Texts Philosophies Forms of creative expression
48
Similarities between Anthro. and Sociology:
They study society, including human social behavior, social relations, and social organization
49
Differences between Anthro. and Sociology:
Sociologists typically have studied Western, industrial societies and employ surveys and other quantitative methods of sampling and statistical techniques Anthropologists have focused on native and non westernized societies in which during ethnographic study, they take part in the events being observed, described, and analyzed
50
Psychological Anthropology studies:
Cross cultural variations in psychological traits and conditions
51
What are culturally specific syndromes?
Patterns of unusual, aberrant, or abnormal behavior confined to a single culture or group of related cultures
52
Scientific method:
Experiments, observation, and procedures form explanations that can predict future occurrences
53
What is a Theory?
A set of logically connected ideas formulated to explain many associations
54
What is an association?
An observed relationship between two or more measured variables(covariation)
55
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed explanation for something
56
What is a law?
A generalization that applies to and explains all instances of an association
57
What is generalization?
A statement that: change in one variable tends to follow or be associated with change in another variable
58
What is a dependent variable?
The thing to be explained
59
What is a predictor variable?
An outcome expected to result from the dependent variable
60
What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
1.) question 2.) hypothesize 3.) propose the purpose of the question 4.) gather data 5.) measure 6.) analyze 7.) draw conclusion 8.) derive implications 9.) contribute to theory

Sociology 102: Cultural Anthropology (2 decks)

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