Ch. 2: What Is Culture?

Question 1

In his book Primitive Culture, Sir Edward Tylor proposed what?

Answer 1

Cultures obey natural laws and therefore can be studied scientifically.

Question 2

What is Enculturation?

Answer 2

The process by which a child learns their culture through growing up.

Question 3

What are symbols?

Answer 3

Signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they signify or for which they stand.

Question 4

Who described cultures as sets of “control mechanisms” and likens them to computer programs that govern human behavior?

Answer 4

Anthropologist Clifford Geertz (1973).

Question 5

What are the ways culture is learned?

Answer 5

Taught directly
Observation
Absorbed unconsciously

Question 6

No other animal besides human has developed anything as complex as____

Answer 6

Language

Question 7

What are the abilities on which culture rests?

Answer 7

Learn, think symbolically, language, use tools and products

Question 8

What links people who grow up in the same culture?

Answer 8

Shared beliefs, values, memories, and expectations

Question 9

We are most likely to agree with and feel comfortable with people who are_____

Answer 9

Socially, economically, and culturally similar to ourselves.

Question 10

Our culture and cultural changes affect the ways in which we perceive_____

Answer 10

Nature
Human nature
The Natural

Question 11

Cultures are integrated______

Answer 11

Patterned systems

Question 12

What are core values?

Answer 12

Key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture

Question 13

What is the main reason for human adaptability and success?

Answer 13

Culture

Question 14

We use technology and tools to______

Answer 14

Cope with environmental stresses

Question 15

Culture is used instrumentally which means____

Answer 15

To fulfill basic needs for food, drink, shelter, comfort, and reproduction

Question 16

Examples of maladaptive aspects of culture include:

Answer 16

Policies that encourage overpopulation
Poor food distribution systems
Overconsumption
Environmental degradation

Question 17

What is Hominidae/hominid?

Answer 17

The zoological family that includes fossils and living humans, chimps, and gorillas

Question 18

What are Hominins?

Answer 18

All the human species that ever existed

Question 19

Which human traits reflect that our ancestors lived in trees?

Answer 19

Grasping ability and manual dexterity
Depth and color vision
Learning ability
Parental investment
Sociality and cooperation

Question 20

Difference between primates and most mammals?

Answer 20

Ratio of brain to body size

Question 21

What is society?

Answer 21

Organized life in groups

Question 22

Similarities between primates

Answer 22

Ability to learn from experience and change behavior to adapt to environment, use tools, aim and throw

Question 23

Differences between humans and primates

Answer 23

Elders are respected and cared for, greater amount of stored information, marriage included in mating, exogamy and kinship.

Question 24

What are universal features?

Answer 24

Found in every culture

Question 25

What are generalities?

Answer 25

Common to several but not all human groups

Question 26

What are particularities?

Answer 26

Unique to certain cultural traditions

Question 27

What are some universal cultural features?

Answer 27

Long period of infant dependency Year round sexuality Complex brain patterns for symbols, language, and tools

Question 28

What are some generalities?

Answer 28

The nuclear family structure A common language

Question 29

A cultural particularity is a trait that is____

Answer 29

Confined to a single place, culture, or society

Question 30

When cultural traits are borrowed, they are____

Answer 30

Modified to fit the culture that has adopted them

Question 31

Which universal life cycle events can vary between cultures?

Answer 31

Birth Puberty Marriage Parenthood Death

Question 32

System can refer to_____

Answer 32

Various Concepts, including culture, society, social relations, or social structure that are made up of individuals.

Question 33

Cultures are constantly changing because____

Answer 33

People learn, interpret, and manipulate the same rule in different ways to suit their interests.

Question 34

What is ideal culture?

Answer 34

What people say they do and should do

Question 35

What is real culture?

Answer 35

The actual behavior of a person as observed by an Anthropologist.

Question 36

How are individuals and culture linked?

Answer 36

Through internalizing the meaning of public messages and then converting their understandings to public expression.

Question 37

What is Agency?

Answer 37

The actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities.

Question 38

What is practice theory?

Answer 38

An approach to culture that individuals within a society or culture have diverse motives, intentions, and different degrees of power and influence.

Question 39

What contrasts are associated with practice theory?

Answer 39

Gender, age, ethnicity, class, and social variables

Question 40

Practice theory recognizes a _____ relation between culture and the individual.

Answer 40

Reciprocal

Question 41

Practice theory recognizes constraints on ______ and flexibility and changeability of _______

Answer 41

Individual Cultures and social systems

Question 42

Beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values, and institutions shared by citizens of the same nation.

Answer 42

National culture

Question 43

Cultural traditions that extend beyond and across natural boundaries.

Answer 43

International culture

Question 44

Cultural traits can spread through____

Answer 44

Borrowing, or diffusion from one group to another.

Question 45

What are different symbol based patterns and traditions associated with particular groups within the same society?

Answer 45

Subcultures

Question 46

Where do subcultures originate?

Answer 46

Region Ethnicity Language Class Religion

Question 47

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 47

The tendency to view one’s own culture as superior to others and to use own standards to judge outsiders.

Question 48

One goal of anthropology is____

Answer 48

To show the value in the lives of others

Question 49

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 49

Behavior should not be evaluated by outside standards but in the context of the culture it occurs in.

Question 50

A particular practice may be supported by some people more than others when___

Answer 50

There are power differentials

Question 51

Cultural relativism is not a moral belief but a _____

Answer 51

Methodological position

Question 52

What are human rights?

Answer 52

Rights based on Justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions.

Question 53

What is inalienable?

Answer 53

Nations cannot abridge or terminate them

Question 54

What are the four UN documents that describe most human rights?

Answer 54

UN Charter Universal Declaration of Human rights The Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural rights The Covenant on Civil and Political rights

Question 55

What are cultural rights?

Answer 55

Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies

Question 56

Examples of cultural rights include___

Answer 56

Ability to choose how to raise children Continue language Not be deprived of economic base Self determination Home rule Right to practice religion, culture, lang.

Question 57

What are indigenous intellectual property rights? (IPR)

Answer 57

An indigenous group’s collective knowledge and its applications

Question 58

Enthnomedicine, cosmetics, cultivated plants, foods, folklore, arts, crafts, songs, dances, costumes, and rituals are all examples of what?

Answer 58

Cultural commercial value

Question 59

What does the 1954 Hague Convention for the protection of Cultural property in the event of armed conflict state?

Answer 59

Targeting of cultural sites is a war crime

Question 60

What is UNESCO?

Answer 60

United Nations Cultural Agency

Question 61

What is a heritage?

Answer 61

Something that has been passed on from previous generations

Question 62

What is Cultural Heritage?

Answer 62

The culture, values, and traditions of a particular group - material and intangible - that gets passed on

Question 63

What are sites with items that are recognized as important to the shared history of humanity?

Answer 63

World Heritage Sites

Question 64

What is NAGPRA?

Answer 64

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Question 65

What is cultural diffusion?

Answer 65

The borrowing of traits between cultures

Question 66

Diffusion is direct when ___

Answer 66

Two cultures trade, intermarry, or wage war

Question 67

Diffusion is forced when ____

Answer 67

One culture subjugates another and imposes it’s customs on the dominated group

Question 68

Diffusion is indirect when ____

Answer 68

Items move from A to C by means of B without any contact

Question 69

Much transnational diffusion is due to the spread of _____

Answer 69

Mass media and advanced information technology

Question 70

What is acculturation?

Answer 70

The exchange of cultural features that results when two groups have continuous contact

Question 71

What is pidgin?

Answer 71

A mixed language that develops to ease communication in situations of trade or colonialism

Question 72

What is independent invention?

Answer 72

The process by which humans innovate to find solutions to problems

Question 73

What is globalization?

Answer 73

The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today

Question 74

What are 3 examples of economic globalization?

Answer 74

World Trade Organization International Monetary Fund The European Union

Question 75

What is the primary meaning of globalization?

Answer 75

Worldwide connectedness

Question 76

The political meaning of globalization refers to ____

Answer 76

Efforts by international finance powers to create a global free market for goods and services

Question 77

What plays a key role in creating globalizations?

Answer 77

Easy access to rapid communication