CH 10

Question 1

Chloroplasts

Answer 1

-organelles in plants and other photosynthetic organisms

Question 2

Photosynthesis

Answer 2

-the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts

Question 3

Autotrophs

Answer 3

-“self-feeders”
-sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
-produce biosphere

Question 4

Heterotrophs

Answer 4

-obtain organic materials from other organisms
-consumers of the biosphere

Question 5

Mesophyll

Answer 5

-interior tissue of the leaf
-where chloroplasts are found

Question 6

Stomata

Answer 6

-microscopic pores where CO2 enters and O2 exits

Question 7

stroma

Answer 7

-a dense fluid surrounded by two mwmbranes

Question 8

Thylakoids

Answer 8

-connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system
-maybe stacked in columns called grana

Question 9

Chlorophyll

Answer 9

-the pigment that gives leaves their green color
-resides in thylakoid membranes

Question 10

Light reactions

Answer 10

-photo part of photosynthesis

Question 11

inputs and outputs of light reactions

Answer 11

-inputs–light, H2O
-outputs–O2

Question 12

How are the light reactions and chemiosmosis related?

Answer 12

-they both are used to produce ATP

Question 13

Photophosphorylation

Answer 13

-generates ATP from ADP

Question 14

Carbon fixation

Answer 14

-initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds

Question 15

Wavelength

Answer 15

-the distance between crests of electromagnetic waves
-determines the type of electromagnetic energy

Question 16

Electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 16

-the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

Question 17

Visible light

Answer 17

-consists of wavelengths (380 nm to 750nm) that produce colors we can see

Question 18

Photons

Answer 18

-discrete particles

Question 19

Spectrophotometer

Answer 19

-measures a pigment’s ability to absorb various wavelengths

Question 20

Absorption spectrum

Answer 20

-a graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength

Question 21

Chlorophyll a

Answer 21

-key light-capturing pigment

Question 22

Chlorophyll b

Answer 22

-accessory pigment

Question 23

Action spectrum

Answer 23

-profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a process

Question 24

Carotenoids

Answer 24

-accessory pigments
-broaden the spectrum of colors that drive photosynthesis

Question 25

Photosystem

Answer 25

-consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

Question 26

Reaction-center complex

Answer 26

-an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor

Question 27

Light-harvesting complex

Answer 27

-consists of pigment molecules bound to proteins

Question 28

Primary electron acceptor

Answer 28

-accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result -in the reaction center

Question 29

Photosystem II (PS II)

Answer 29

-reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is called P680 -best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm -functions first

Question 30

Photosystem I (PS I)

Answer 30

-reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I is called P700 -best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm

Question 31

Linear electron flow

Answer 31

-primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

Question 32

Cyclic electron flow

Answer 32

-electrons cycle back from Fd to the PS I reaction center via a plastocyanin molecule (Pc) -uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH -no O2 released

Question 33

Calvin cycle

Answer 33

-synthesis part of photosynthesis -regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle -is anabolic

Question 34

what are the Calvin cycle inputs and outputs

Answer 34

-inputs-- 3 CO2 -outputs--G3P

Question 35

three phases of the Calvin cycle

Answer 35

-Carbon fixation -reduction -Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

Question 36

what is regenerated to keep the Calvin cycle going?

Answer 36

-RuBP (Ribulose biphosphate)

Question 37

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

Answer 37

-three-carbon sugar

Question 38

Carbon fixation

Answer 38

-initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds -catalyzed by rubisco

Question 39

Rubisco

Answer 39

-RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase

Question 40

reduction

Answer 40

-the gain of electrons by a molecule

Question 41

regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)

Answer 41

-Rubisco converts carbon dioxide into sugars that help plants grow and function

Question 42

Photorespiration

Answer 42

-rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon compound

Question 43

C3 plants

Answer 43

-first organic product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate)

Question 44

C4 plants

Answer 44

-preface the Calvin cycle with an alternative mode of carbon fixation that forms a four-carbon compound -minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds

Question 45

Bundle-sheath cells

Answer 45

-arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf

Question 46

PEP carboxylase

Answer 46

- an enzyme present in only mesophyll cells

Question 47

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Answer 47

-mode of carbon fixation -adaptation that allows it to photosynthesize during the day and exchange gasses at night

Question 48

CAM plants

Answer 48

-plants that photosynthesize during the day and exchange gasses at night