Ch. 10

Question 0

In Freud’s theory, the _______________ represents all the ideas, thoughts and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware.

Answer 0

Unconscious

Question 1

An individual’s unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations is known as _______________.

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

According to Freud, the _______________ is the energy generated by sexual instinct.

Answer 2

Libido

Question 3

In Freud’s theory of personality, the _______________ is the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression.

Answer 3

Id

Question 4

Freud argued that the id operates according to the _______________ _______________, and therefore it seeks immediate gratification of an instinct.

Answer 4

Pleasure Principle

Question 5

The part of the personality in Freud’s theory that mediates between environmental demands, conscience, and instinctual needs is the _______________.

Answer 5

Ego

Question 6

Freud argued that the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world is in accordance with the _______________ _______________.

Answer 6

Reality principle

Question 7

The ______________ is the part of the personality that acts as a moral center; it represents the social and parental standards that the individual has internalized.

Answer 7

Superego

Question 8

The _______________ _______________ is the part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be.

Answer 8

Ego ideal

Question 9

A _______________ results when the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.

Answer 9

Fixation

Question 10

According to Freud, the _______________ stage is the first stage of psychosexual development, occurring in the first year of life, in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict.

Answer 10

Oral

Question 11

According to Freud, the _______________ stage is the second stage of personality development, occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

Answer 11

Anal

Question 12

The third Freudian stage, occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual or erotic feelings is known as the _______________ stage.

Answer 12

Phallic

Question 13

A child’s sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex are characteristics of the _______________ complex (for boys) and _______________ complex (for girls).

Answer 13

Oedipal; Electra

Question 14

The fourth Freudian stage, occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways is known as the _______________ stage.

Answer 14

Latency

Question 15

The final stage of personality development according to Freud is known as the _______________ stage, and sexual feelings reawaken and are satisfied in various ways within mature, sexual relationships.

Answer 15

Genital

Question 16

Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud is called the _______________ _______________; it contains the individual’s repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas.

Answer 16

Personal unconscious

Question 17

The _______________ _______________ is Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.

Answer 17

Collective unconscious

Question 18

Jung’s collective, universal human memories were called _______________.

Answer 18

Archetypes

Question 19

The _______________ is, according to Jung, our public self – the mask we wear to represent ourselves to others.

Answer 19

Persona

Question 20

_______________ are people who usually focus on social life and the external world instead of on their internal experience, according to Jung.

Answer 20

Extraverts

Question 21

Alfred Adler believed that personality developed from individuals’ efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority. Those who became too fixated on their feelings of inferiority developed what Adler called an _______________ _______________.

Answer 21

Inferiority complex

Question 22

Any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning can be called a _______________ personality theory.

Answer 22

Humanistic

Question 23

The striving to fulfill one’s biological potential and capabilities is what Rogers called the _______________ _______________.

Answer 23

Actualizing tendency

Question 24

The drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts or the images they have of themselves is what Rogers called the __________-_______________ _______________.

Answer 24

Self-Actualizing tendency

Question 25

A _______________ _______________ _______________ is a person whose self-concept closely resembles his or her inborn capacities or potentials.

Answer 25

Fully functioning person

Question 26

_______________ _______________ _______________ is full acceptance and love of another person regardless of his or her behavior.

Answer 26

Unconditional positive regard

Question 27

_______________ _______________ are dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways.

Answer 27

Personality traits

Question 28

Trait theorists have relied on a statistical procedure known as _______________ _______________ to identify groups of related constructs that comprise what they identify as traits.

Answer 28

Factor analysis

Question 29

The “_______________ _______________,” also known as the five-factor model, refers to five traits or basic dimensions currently considered to be of central importance in describing personality.

Answer 29

Big five

Question 30

Albert Bandura’s approach to personality emphasizes _______________ – what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways.

Answer 30

Expectancies

Question 31

Bandura believed that people used _______________ _______________ to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in a variety of situations

Answer 31

Performance standards

Question 32

__________-_______________ is a person’s perception (or expectancy) of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance.

Answer 32

Self-efficiency

Question 33

According to Rotter, _______________ _____ _______________ is an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control.

Answer 33

Locus of control

Question 34

Psychologists are using _______________ _______________ to measure personality characteristics when they use tests that are administered and scored in a standard way.

Answer 34

Objective tests

Question 35

The _______________ is an objective personality test designed to assess the Big Five personality traits.

Answer 35

NEO-PI-R

Question 36

The _______________ _______________ Personality Inventory is the most widely-used objective personality test; it was originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis.

Answer 36

Minnesota Multiphasic

Question 37

Psychologists who use tests that consist of ambiguous or unstructured materials to assess personality are using _______________ _______________.

Answer 37

Projective tests

Question 38

The _______________ _______________ is a projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots.

Answer 38

Rorschach test

Question 39

The _______________ _______________ Test is a method of personality assessment composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to write a complete story

Answer 39

Thematic apperception