Ch. 10 - Developmental Flashcards
(45 cards)
- Development:
sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from contraception to death
Process Before Birth: Prenatal Development
- Prenatal period:
- Germinal stage:
- Embryonic stage
- Fetal stage
- Prenatal period:
extends from conception to birth usually encompassing nine months of pregnancy
- Germinal stage:
first phase of prenatal development – first two weeks after conception
- Placenta:
structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother’s blood stream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother
- Embryonic stage:
second stage of prenatal development lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month
- Fetal stage:
third stage that lasts from two months to birth
- Threshold of viability:
the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth
- Fetal alcohol syndrome:
a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy –
- Fetal alcohol syndrome:
Typical problems:
small head, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, and delayed motor development
- Motor development:
refers to the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
- Maturation:
development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint
- Developmental norms:
indicate the typical age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
- Attachment:
close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
- Separation anxiety:
emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
- Fast mapping:
process by which children map a word into an underlying concept after only one exposure
- Over exaggeration:
occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to
- Underextensions:
occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to
- Telegraphic speech:
consists mainly of content words (articles, prepositions, and other less critical words) are omitted
- Over regularizations:
occur when grammatical words are incorrectly generalised to irregular cases where they do not apply
- Stage:
developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established
stage theories assume that…
- Individuals must progress through specific stages in a particular order because a stage builds on the previous stage
- Progress through these stages is strongly related to age
- Development is marked by discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behavior
- Erikson’s stage theory:
divided lifespan into eight stages – each stage brings a psychological crisis involving transitions in important social relationships – personality is developed by how an individual deals with these crises
- Cognitive development:
refers to transitions in youngster’s patterns of thinking including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
