CH. 10: Intelligence

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

The ability to learn, remember, and use new information to solve problems and adapt to novel situations

Question 2

Eugenics

Answer 2

Selective Breeding

Forced sterilization

Immigration

Nazi Germany

White Supremacy Movement

Question 3

Levels of intellectual disability

Answer 3

Mild

Moderate

Severe

Profound

Question 4

Mental Age

Answer 4

Alfred Binet (1857–1911) and Theodore Simon (1872–1961) used their first intelligence test to identify children who needed remedial education.

• Tried to measure aptitude apart from achievement
• Mental age - a 10 year old whose score matched the average 10 year old was said to have a mental age of 10

Question 5

The I.Q. For Adults Replaced Mental Age

Answer 5

Intelligent quotient (IQ) is a statistic obtained by dividing an adult’s test score by the average adult’s test score and then multiplying the quotient by 100.

Thus: score = 110, average adult score say is 95
110/95=1.16 x 100 = 116 IQ

Question 6

The Intelligence Test

Answer 6

Intelligence tests are typically used to predict performance in school or to diagnose special challenges facing a student.

• Do not measure “intelligence” per se, but tasks that correlate with such

The most widely used intelligence tests today are the:

• Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale
• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
• Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Question 7

Individual Differences in Intelligence

Answer 7

The average IQ is 100, and about 68% of people have IQs between 85 and 115.

• Intellectually gifted: People who score well above large middle range
• Intellectually disabled: People who score well below the middle range

Although males and females have the same average IQ, the distribution of males’ IQ scores is more variable than the distribution of females’ IQ scores.

Question 8

A Hierarchy of Abilities

Answer 8

Charles Spearman (1863–1945) set out to discover if there was a hierarchy of abilities.

Found correlations (though not perfect) among many cognitive tasks

• Confirmatory factor analysis: Statistical technique showed that correlations between scores on different tests are best described by more than one factor
• Two-factor theory of intelligence: Spearman’s theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (g) and skills that are specific to the task (s)

Question 9

The Middle-Level Abilities

Answer 9

Middle-level abilities lie between specific and general mental abilities in regards to intelligence as shown by factor analysis

• Memory and learning
• Visual perception
• Auditory perception
• Retrieval ability
• Cognitive speediness
• Processing speed
• Crystallized intelligence
• Fluid intelligence

Question 10

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 10

The ability to solve and reason about novel problems

Question 11

Crystalized Intelligence

Answer 11

The ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience

Question 12

Carroll’s Multi-Factor Definition of Intelligence

Answer 12

Model on slide 13:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/13pxd8f5VZatVNss7UuKnoR6vajLGRC_ME9HFygrL1U8/edit#slide=id.g44c1634807_0_6

Question 13

Howard Gardner’s View of Multiple Intelligences

Answer 13

Logic Math

Visual-Spatial

Music-Rhythm

Verbal-Linguistic

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Interpersonal (between)

Intrapersonal (within)

Naturalistic

Question 14

Social Intelligence

Answer 14

Aka, Emotional intelligence

Not usually viewed as a form of intelligence as we have been talking about

An Autism Spectrum Deficiency

Question 15

Mindset and Intelligence/Achievement

Answer 15

Carol Dweck looked at high IQ children who perform well and and those who do not (underachievers)

Mindset - Those that believe intelligence is fixed tend to underperform

A growth mindset: intelligence is not fixed, perform at higher levels vs a fixed mindset

Question 16

Do people who share more genes have more similar IQs?

Answer 16

Examining test score differences between those who share genes but not environments

• Fraternal (dizygotic) twins: Develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm
• Identical (monozygotic) twins: Develop from the splitting of a single egg fertilized by a single sperm

People who share all their genes have similar intelligence test scores, regardless of whether they share environments.

Heritability coefficients for intelligence: 50-80%. (SES is so powerful here)

Question 17

Genes are not destiny

Answer 17

Intelligence changes over time and raised by education

The Flynn effect refers to the accidental discovery that the average intelligence test score rises about 0.3% every year, as discovered by James Flynn (1934–)

Question 18

Cross sectional vs Longitudinal studies of intelligence across time and age

Answer 18

Cross sectional - different groups of people at the same point in time - the problem here is that you are comparing age groups who grew up at different periods of time.

Longitudinal - repeated assessments of same people at different time periods. The subjects belong to the same birth cohort. The problem here is that survival may be related to level of intelligence.

Question 19

Education: School Is Intelligence’s Friend

Answer 19

The correlation between amount of formal education and intelligence is large. Smart people tend to stay in school, and school makes people smarter.

Question 20

Economics: Poverty Is Intelligence’s Enemy

Answer 20

One of the best predictors of intelligence is wealth (SES).

Being raised in a high SES family can raise IQ 12–18 points.

High-SES families are more likely to provide intellectual stimulation.

Access to education

Question 21

Stereotype Threat

Answer 21

Mental access to a particular stereotype can have performance consequences on a member of the stereotyped group.

Has been seen in women and in ethnic minorities where stereotypes are generally harmful

Question 22

The Intelligence Test and Validity

Answer 22

Intelligence test scores correlate with a wide variety of successful life events and accomplishments (validity).

• Predict academic performance, occupational status, job performance, and income
• Correlate with general cognitive ability

Higher intelligence scores correlate with being healthier and living longer.

Intelligence + perseverance or grit) = Achievement

Question 23

Test Bias, Validity and what can help impact intelligence

Answer 23

Intelligence tests are valid predictors of many outcomes such as income, academic success.

Cultural bias deprives access to resources that impact intelligence test performance.

Breastfeeding raises IQ by 4 points

Preschool and enrichment programs raise IQ by 12 points

Reading regularly to children raises IQ by 6 points

Question 24

Intelligence matters in job interviews

Answer 24

Studies show that people are fairly good at predicting intelligence in others.

• Experiments include having participants look at photographs and videos.

Interpretations of intelligence are based on physical features, clothing, and behavior, yet none of these matter.

Eye gaze may be the best predictor of intelligence.

• Intelligent people hold eye gaze longer (both when speaking and listening).

Question 25

Animal Intelligence

Answer 25

The Ladder of Nature View

Frans de Wall

Question 27

The Nature–Nurture Distinction

Answer 27

Nature and nurture, though separate, have a combined influence on intelligence.

They interact in complex ways.

Genes and environments do not exert an independent influence on intelligence.

There is an unclear distinction between these two.