CH 10: Nutrients + Energy Metabolism

Question 1

What is a coenzyme

Answer 1

a molecule that combines with an enzyme to facilitate enyme function

Question 2

what coenzyme (vitamin) is required for carb metabolism + some fatty acids

Answer 2

Thiamin pyrophosphate

Question 3

What occurs in Beriberi

Answer 3

deficiency of thiamin resulting in mm wasting and nerve damage + heart failure

Question 4

What is Riboflavin involved in

Answer 4

Part of coenzyme involved in oxidation-reduction rxns (glutathione peroxidase)

Question 5

What occurs in ariboflavinosis

Answer 5

Riboflavin deficiency that causes sore throat and swollen mucous membranes

Question 6

What is niacin a coenzyme for

Answer 6

assists with metabolism of carbs and fatty acids

Question 7

What is pellagra due to and what does it cause

Answer 7

niacin deficiency

4 D’s- Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death

Question 8

function of vit B6

Answer 8

part of coenzyme that assists in aa metabolism, NTs, heme synthesis, carb metabolism, immune function

Question 9

What occurs w increased and decreased levels of B6

Answer 9

toxity- nerve damage + skin lesions

Deficiency- anemia, elevated lvls of homocysteinee

Question 10

folate function

Answer 10

• DNA synthesis, aa metabolism, rbc synthesis

- cell division of early embryo

Question 11

Toxicity + deficiency of folate

Answer 11

toxicity- can mask b12 deficiency

Deficieny- macrocytic anemia (enlarged RBCs)- weakness, fatigue etc

Question 12

When should folate be increased

Answer 12

substantially during pregnancy (400ug/day)

-required for the cell division and proper neural tube formation (in first 4 w)

Question 13

What 3 nutrients are responsible for breakdown of homocysteine

Answer 13

Folate, Vit B6, Vit B12

-high homeocystein associated w greater risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease

Question 14

Function of B12

Answer 14

• coenzyme for blood formation
• Required for nerve functioning
• required for homocysteine breakdown

Question 15

What can b12 deficiency result in

Answer 15

Pernicious anemia- due to low acid pro in stomach resulting in pale skin, reduced energy, fatigue etc

Question 16

What is the functions of Pantothenic acid

Answer 16

• Component of coenzymes for fatty acid metabilism

- Building new fatty acids

Question 17

Biotin functions

Answer 17

• part of coenzymes involved in the metabolism of carbs, fat and pro
• important for glucogenesis

Question 18

Deficiency of biotin symptoms

Answer 18

rare

-hair thinning, loss of hair color, red facial rash

Question 19

function of choline

Answer 19

• homocystein metabolism
• accelerates synthesis of acetylcholin
• structural integrity

Question 20

Deficiciency of choline symptoms

Answer 20

fat accumulation in liver

Question 21

function of iodine

Answer 21

Critical for synthesis of thyroid horomones

reguklate body temp, growth, rmr

Question 22

What does overconsumption and underconsumption of iodine result in

Answer 22

excess- blocks synthesis of thyroid horomones and results in goitre (enlarged thyroid)

Deficiency- cretinism (mental impairment from iodine deficiency during embyronic development

Question 23

Chromium functions

Answer 23

• Assists insulin as it transports glucose from blood into cells
• plays role in immune function+growth

Question 24

Chromium deficiency functions

Answer 24

inhibits glucose absorption by body cells or results in elevated blood lipid lvls

Question 25

functions of maganese (+ what antioxidant enzyme system is it part of)

Answer 25

• coenzyme in energy metabolism

- Part of antioxident enzyme superoxide dismutase

Question 26

magnese toxicity

Answer 26

impairs nervous system causing spasms + tremors

Question 27

Functions of sulphur

Answer 27

• component of thiamin + biotin
• Stabalizes pro structure
• required for detoxification of alcohol + drugs by liver

Question 28

What is the only fluid tissue in the body

Answer 28

blood

Question 29

components of blood %

Answer 29

55% plamsa
<1% platlets + WBCs
45 % RBCs

Question 30

Vit K functions

Answer 30

• Coenzyme for the synthsis of clotting factors (koagulin)

- intestinal bac produce some vit K

Question 31

Function of Iron

Answer 31

• component of hemoglobin, myoglobin

- coenzyme for metabolism of carbs/fats/pros

Question 32

what can iron be stored in the body as

Answer 32

Ferritin or Hemosiderin (in liver, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa and spleen)

Question 33

what are the 2 types of iron that are found in foods

Answer 33

Heme iron- found in animal based foods and is more absorbable

non heme- not easily absorbed/ not part of hemoglobin or myoglobin

Question 34

What enhances absorbtion of iron

Answer 34

Meat factor and vit C enhance absorption

Question 35

who is at most risk for iron overdose and what can it cause

Answer 35

mc causing of poisoning deaths in children

Hemochromatosis- excessive iron absorption and alterered iron storage

Question 36

3 stages of iron deficiency

Answer 36

1- decreased iron stored, reduced ferritin lvls

2- Erythropoiesis occurs which causes fatigue, shortness of breath

3- all feritin storage gone, RBCs light in color, more symptoms

Question 37

What is iron deficient anemia

Answer 37

iron deficiency results in small RBCs that do not carry enough hemoglobin

Question 38

Function of zinc

Answer 38

cofactor for hemoglobin prod

• part of superoxide dismutase
• growth/devel

Question 39

over/underconsumpton of zinc

Answer 39

over- intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vommiting etc

under-growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sxual maturation

Question 40

functions of copper

Answer 40

• coenzyme that assists in collagen + elastin prod
• part of superoxide dismutase antioxidant
• required for iron transport

Question 41

What must all NHP lables include

Answer 41

Product name
Product license number
Quantity of product in the bottle
Complete list of medicinal and non-medicinal ingredients
Recommended use
Cautionary statements, warnings, contra-indications and possible adverse reactions
Special storage conditions