CH. 11, 12, 14, and 15

Question 1

Personality refers to

Answer 1

an individual’s unique set of consistent behavioral traits.

Question 2

Chad and Jeremy have a friendly rivalry brewing. They’ve been trying to see who can be more outgoing, upbeat, sociable, and assertive in their dealings with others. What prize would you award to whomever wins this contest?

Answer 2

The Extraversion Endowment

Question 3

According to psychoanalytic theory, the id operates on what principle?

Answer 3

Pleasure principle

Question 4

When considering internal conflict resolution, Freud assigned a prominent role to the impulses of

Answer 4

sex and aggression

Question 5

According to psychoanalytic theory, what does the defense mechanism of projection involve?

Answer 5

Attributing one’s own feelings, thoughts, or motives to another person

Question 6

According to Freud, what is the most basic and widely used defense mechanism?

Answer 6

Repression

Question 7

According to psychoanalytic theory, during which stage of psychosexual development does the Oedipal crisis take place?

Answer 7

Phallic

Question 8

What psychodynamic proposal has been generally accepted by modern psychologists?

Answer 8

Unconscious forces can influence behavior.

Question 9

How would a behaviorist, such as B. F. Skinner, view personality?

Answer 9

Personality is a collection of typical patterns of responding to environmental stimuli.

Question 10

An important aspect that distinguishes Bandura’s social cognitive theory from other behaviorist theories of personality is

Answer 10

social cognitive theory assumes that people are active learners.

Question 11

According to Albert Bandura, a person’s belief about her or his skills and ability to perform certain behaviors is known as

Answer 11

self-efficacy.

Question 12

What is the principal focus of the person-situation controversy?

Answer 12

The extent to which personality traits and situational constraints contribute to behavior

Question 13

In humanistic psychology, incongruence refers to

Answer 13

a discrepancy between a person’s self-concept and that person’s actual experiences.

Question 14

What is the highest need in Maslow’s motivational hierarchy?

Answer 14

Self-actualization

Question 15

Which dimension was given prominence in Eysenck’s personality theory?

Answer 15

Introversion-extraversion

Question 16

What is the best description of how genes influence personality traits?

Answer 16

Hundreds or thousands of genes exert small effects that eventually result in an identification of a trait.

Question 17

From an evolutionary perspective, what does the trait of extraversion signal to others?

Answer 17

An ability to bond well with others

Question 18

Sara has an inflated sense of her own self-worth. She exploits others for her own benefit, expects credit for doing nothing, and constantly craves being the center of attention. What personality trait summarizes Sara’s thoughts and behaviors?

Answer 18

Narcissism

Question 19

What is one of the principal goals of terror management theory?

Answer 19

To explain why people need self-esteem

Question 20

Taking all of the available evidence into account, which conclusion regarding personality and culture is warranted?

Answer 20

The trait structure of personality is universal

Question 21

What type of stereotype would people be using if they believed all professors are older men with beards and grey hair?

Answer 21

Occupational stereotypes

Question 22

When Kelly started at a new school, she had a hard time making friends as it seemed everyone already had a set friend-group, and she was seen as an outsider. How is Kelly being categorized at her new school?

Answer 22

Being part of an outgroup

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of an external attribution?

Answer 23

Explaining someone’s job loss is a result of the COVID-19 pandemic

Question 24

Deshawn has gotten a scholarship for his academic performance. When his parents congratulate him they tell him they knew he could do it because he is so smart and get such good grades. Deshawn’s parents are using what type of attribution?

Answer 24

Internal, Stable

Question 25

A child who is normally easy-going and well-behaved has a temper-tantrum in a store, which is likely because they are cranky after missing their afternoon nap. Other people in the store who witnessed the tantrum comment that the child must be spoiled and is a ‘bad’ kid. How would the comments of the stranger be explained?

Answer 25

Fundamental attribution error

Question 26

Which of the following is more common in collectivist societies than in individualistic societies?

Answer 26

Putting group goals ahead of personal goals

Question 27

What hypothesis is based on the idea that people are more likely to date or marry people of an equal level of attractiveness?

Answer 27

Matching

Question 28

Which type of love is the most powerful in motivating change in thinking, emotion, and behavior?

Answer 28

Passionate

Question 29

Liz has trouble in relationships and often has trouble with being afraid of rejection and feeling jealous. What type of attachment style is likely influencing Liz’s love relations?

Answer 29

Anxious-Ambivalent

Question 30

Which of the following would be a positive effect of social networking?

Answer 30

Increased social capital

Question 31

When people are asked about attitudes towards issues such as gun control respond that guns ”makes them sick,” what attitude component would this be?

Answer 31

Affective

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of an implicit attitude?

Answer 32

A dog trainer saying they like all breeds of dog, but avoids working with Pitbulls

Question 33

In trying to persuade someone to change an attitude about a health issue, what would be considered a channel factor?

Answer 33

A message being delivered via a video on YouTube

Question 34

Ruth has been helping a professor with research where they have people perform a boring task and give them either $1 or $20 to lie and tell someone the task is interesting, which recreates earlier research. The participants who were only paid $1 rating the task as more interesting than the participants who were paid much more. What is the experiment Ruth is helping with testing?

Answer 34

Cognitive dissonance

Question 35

During the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people engaged in unexplained hoarding of toilet paper in the United States. What theory would explain this behavior as being the result of people believing they would not have access to toilet paper, causing them to want more of it?

Answer 35

Reactance

Question 36

What result did Milgram find that suggested people are more likely to obey authority figures?

Answer 36

The majority of participants continued ‘shocking’ participants as instructed even though they showed clear signs of being upset

Question 37

The bystander effect is best explained as

Answer 37

being caused by diffusion of responsibility.

Question 38

Which of the following best illustrates group polarization?

Answer 38

People in a jury change their initial vote after hearing the reasoning that other jury members give for their opinion.

Question 39

How does social loafing influence productivity?

Answer 39

Decreased efficiency

Question 40

In the Asch experiment, researchers were testing

Answer 40

conformity.

Question 41

Which statement best describes the medical model?

Answer 41

It is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.

Question 42

Etiology refers to

Answer 42

the cause and developmental history of an illness.

Question 43

Bruno believes he is the king of Mesopotamia and demands complete obedience. How would clinicians categorize this type of abnormal behavior?

Answer 43

Deviant

Question 44

Your friend is constantly worried about his schoolwork even though he does well in school. He is nervous about his job performance, even though it's never been an issue. He is often worried he made errors in standard social interactions. What is the most likely diagnosis he would receive from a clinician?

Answer 44

Generalized anxiety disorder

Question 45

Episodes of overwhelming anxiety that last for several minutes with physical symptoms such as shortness of breath and rapid heartbeat is most characteristic of

Answer 45

Panic disorder

Question 46

How are agoraphobia and panic disorder related?

Answer 46

They are both categorized as anxiety disorders.

Question 47

What psychological disorder is characterized by nightmares and flashbacks, elevated arousal, anxiety, and emotional disturbances?

Answer 47

PTSD

Question 48

Kira, who had a severe car accident and cannot remember her name or anything about her life when asked

Answer 48

Dissociative amnesia

Question 49

the experience of two or more personalities.

Answer 49

DID

Question 50

What is the best estimate for lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder?

Answer 50

15%

Question 51

After experiencing weeks of feeling hopeless and dissatisfied with life, Kerry has suddenly become extremely excited, energetic, and talkative. She seems to need less than normal sleep and gets irritated if someone interrupts her. Kerry's behavior is indicative of

Answer 51

bipolar disorder

Question 52

Research on the etiology of depression suggests that

Answer 52

low serotonin levels are a factor underlying most forms of depression.

Question 53

Mr. Knudson, a CEO of a large business, falsely believed his secretary was a government spy photocopying sensitive documents. When he confronted her, he claimed that he was the president of the United States and would have her court-martialed. Given these symptoms, what type of disorder should this be classified as?

Answer 53

Schizophrenia

Question 54

Hallucinations are most likely to be associated with what psychological disorder?

Answer 54

Schizophrenia

Question 55

Since the mid-1990s, there has been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of autism. What is the most likely cause of this increase?

Answer 55

Greater awareness and broader diagnosis criteria

Question 56

Emilio has been divorced twice, has been fired three times, and is sexually promiscuous but lacks any true feelings for his partners. Emilio's maladaptive behaviors best illustrate

Answer 56

antisocial personality disorder

Question 57

Which psychological disorder is characterized by instability in social relationships and self-image?

Answer 57

Borderline personality disorder

Question 58

Kari is of average height but only weighs 75 pounds. She has lost over 20 pounds over the past 7 months by eating very little, using laxatives, and exercising excessively. Kari could be suffering from

Answer 58

anorexia nervosa.

Question 59

Kelly loves cakes, pies, and other rich foods. She has started to pay attention to her weight gain, so when she overindulges, she feels guilty and immediately goes into the bathroom to vomit so she won't continue to gain weight. What type of eating disorder best describes Kelly's behavior?

Answer 59

Bulimia nervosa

Question 60

Recent research on the etiology and genetics of major psychological disorders is revealing that there may be

Answer 60

genetic overlap among disorders.

Question 61

Which type of therapy includes changing problematic responses and maladaptive habits?

Answer 61

Behavior therapy

Question 62

Which of the following mental health professionals require a medical degree?

Answer 62

Psychiatrist

Question 63

If a patient sought out treatment from a therapist who used traditional psychoanalysis, which of the following techniques might the therapist use?

Answer 63

Free association

Question 64

A feature that is more common in psychoanalytic therapy than in client-centered therapy is:

Answer 64

resistance.

Question 65

Which of the following features of psychodynamic therapies is most common in traditional psychoanalytic therapy?

Answer 65

Discussion of past experience

Question 66

If a patient begins relating to their therapist the same way they relate to their spouse, this would be an example of:

Answer 66

transference.

Question 67

Melody is frustrated by her phobia of snakes. What is the best method to help treat Melody’s phobia?

Answer 67

systematic desensitization

Question 68

Which of the following is a type of social skills training used in behavioral therapy that involves gradually being presented with more complex social situations?

Answer 68

Shaping

Question 69

What is the best description of a goal of cognitive therapy?

Answer 69

Correcting errors in habitual thinking

Question 70

Behavior therapies are not useful in treating which of the following?

Answer 70

Vague feelings such as discontent

Question 71

Which of the following is a potential negative effect related to taking traditional antipsychotic medications?

Answer 71

Tardive dyskinesia

Question 72

Which biomedical therapy is most often used to treat those suffering from symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, and hyperactivity?

Answer 72

Antipsychotic drugs

Question 73

How are most antidepressant drugs believed to work to reduce symptoms of depression?

Answer 73

By slowing the reuptake of serotonin at synapses

Question 74

What is the most common disorder treated by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Answer 74

Depression

Question 75

If a patient is having trouble with periods of mania followed by depression, what medication might a psychiatrist prescribe?

Answer 75

Lithium

Question 76

Which of the following side effects that result from electroconvulsive therapy can have a significant negative effect in some individuals?

Answer 76

Memory loss

Question 77

Which of the following would reduce the cultural competence of a therapist?

Answer 77

Decreasing cultural humility

Question 78

Joshua recently started seeing a therapist who uses multiple different approaches when providing therapy based on the needs of their clients. How would Joshua’s therapist’s approach be classified?

Answer 78

Eclectic

Question 79

Problems with increased homelessness of those suffering from mental health issues has been primarily the result of ‘revolving door’ issues associated with what process?

Answer 79

Deinstitutionalization

Question 80

Which of the following reasons that contributed to the movement to shut down institutions that hospitalized people to treat mental illness in an in-patient setting was associated with concerns over social support?

Answer 80

Patients were placed in facilities away from major population centers