Ch:11 Biodiversity

Question 1

List the hierarchical classification of organisms:

“Kings…

Answer 1

Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species

Question 2

What scientist developed binomial nomenclature?

Answer 2

Linnaeus

bio 1500

Question 3

The wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bird represent ______ structures.

Answer 3

Analogous structures

“THIS IS A BIG DAT TOPIC”

Question 4

Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes:

Answer 4

Eukaryotes:

• nucleus houses the genetic material
• ribosomes present
• contains organelles
• cytoskeleton present (microtubules are the thickest and microfilaments are the thinest)

Prokaryotes:

• No nucleus but has DNA and RNA
• Cytosol has DNA floating in it, this region is called a nucleoid
• No organelles
• Bacteria and Archaea

Question 5

Hold old is the Earth, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes?

Answer 5

Earth = 4.5 BYA

Prokaryotes = 3.5 BYA

Eukaryotes = 2.5 BYA

“I MAKE DAMN SURE MY STUDENTS KNOW THESE THREE TIMELINES”

Question 6

Early Earth had a _______ atmosphere that lacked O2!!! A reducing atmosphere contained ___, ___, ___, ___, and ____.

Answer 6

Reducing

CH4, H2O, H2, CO, and HCN

Question 7

How did Earth gain O2?

Answer 7

Cyanobacteria

Question 8

Describe these 3 prokaryotic shapes:

1. Coccus
2. Bacilli

Answer 8

Coccus = spherical

Bacilli = rod shaped

Question 9

Describe the difference between the prefixes streptococci and staphylococci:

Answer 9

Strepto = chains

Staph = clusters

Question 10

Prokaryotes belong to the kingdom ______.

Answer 10

Monera

Question 11

In prokaryotes, ____ are protein filaments used to attach to cell surfaces or even to one another during ______.

Answer 11

Pilli, Conjugation

Question 12

When you hear the word plasmid, what should you think?

Answer 12

Drug resistance

Question 13

What is the difference between F-plasmids and R-plasmids?

Answer 13

F-plasmids contain genes that allow for conjugation

R-plasmids contain genes for resistance against poisons or antibiotics

Question 14

Name 6 bacterial diseases:

Answer 14

“Gavin Likes ASSS”

1. Ghonorrhea
2. Leprosy
3. Anthrax
4. Sepsis
5. Syphilis
6. Salmonella

“USEFUL FOR THE DAT EXAM!!!”

Question 15

What do methanogens make?

Answer 15

Methane :)

methanogens are vital to the carbon cycle

Question 16

The nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in __(2 words)___.

Answer 16

Root nodules

Question 17

Which of the following are more resistant to antibiotics?

A. Gram-positive bacteria
B. Gram-negative bacteria

Answer 17

Gram-negative bacteria

Question 18

Explain the differences between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria:

Answer 18

Gram-Negative bacteria:

• Thin peptidoglycan layer
• NO teichoic acids
• contains outer membrane
• MORE resistant to antibiotics

Gram-positive bacteria:

• Thick peptidoglycan layer
• Contain teichoic acids
• NO outer membrane
• Less resistant to antibiotics

Question 19

(T/F)

Archaea can either pathogenic or not pathogenic.

Answer 19

FALSE

ARCHAEA ARE NOT PATHOGENIC

Question 20

Discuss the unique features of viruses:

Answer 20

• No cells or organelles
• Contain either DNA or RNA but NEVER both
• Capsid: protein coat

Question 21

How big are viruses?

Answer 21

Smaller than a ribosome

Question 22

Explain the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of viruses:

Answer 22

Lytic cycle: if a virus enters the host cell and causes it to rupture (lysis)… cell death occurs

The Lysogenic cycle is when a virus becomes incorporated in the host cell without killing the host

“Lytic = Kiss of Death”

Question 23

A ______ is a bacterial phage that has become integrated into the bacterial chromosome.

Answer 23

Prophage

Question 24

_____ is a retrovirus… an RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing RNA into DNA using __(2 words)__ enzyme. Reverse transcriptase is also called RNA-directed DNA polymerase.

Answer 24

HIV, Reverse transcriptase

Reverse transcriptase is also called RNA-directed DNA polymerase

Question 25

_____ are infectious proteins that are involved with causing proteins to incorrectly fold.

Answer 25

Prions (these proteins especially like to cause damage to proteins found in the brain) eg. Mad Cow Disease

Question 26

# Define each of the following: - Obligate anaerobe - Obligate aerobe - Facultative anaerobe

Answer 26

Obligate anaerobe: killed by O2 Obligate aerobe: need O2 to grow Facultative Anaerobe: prefers O2 if available but could switch to fermentation if needed "IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS FOR THE DAT EXAM"

Question 27

Differentiate between the following: - Photoheterotroph - Chemoheterotroph - Photoautotroph - Chemoautotroph

Answer 27

Photoheterotroph: light is needed for ATP production, but gets their carbon from various organic sources like fatty acids or carbs that other organisms produced Chemoheterotroph: Energy is obtained from organic compounds! Bacteria, fungi, most protist, animals are here! Photoautotroph: Uses light for photosynthesis. CO2 is used to make organic molecules like sugar! Cyanobacteria, plants and algae are here! Chemoautotrophs: seen in prokaryotes. CO2 is the carbon source too, but inorganic substances is an energy source. NO light needed!!!