Ch:2 Cells Flashcards
(54 cards)
What are the 3 Laws of Thermodynamics?
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed
- The entropy of the universe is continuously increasing
- No rxn is 100% efficient with some amount of energy lost as heat - As you reach absolute zero (0 kelvin), the entropy of the system is at a minimum
ATP allows ___ rxns to become _____.
Endergonic —> Exergonic
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?
Catabolism is breaking down of macro molecules into simple end products to extract it’s energy.
Anabolism is taking a small precursor and converting it to a larger more complex, which requires energy
If the OH on the anomeric carbon is pointing down it is considered ______.
Alpha
Alpha and beta SUGARS represent diastereomers called ______.
Anomers
Chitin is the main component in the cell wall of ______ and the exoskeleton of ________.
Fungi
Arthropods
What is the most abundant compound in the world that makes up the plant cell walls?
Cellulose
Glycogen is stored in the _____ and _____ _____.
Liver and skeletal muscles
Some prostaglandins enhance inflammation. What medication inhibit the work of an enzyme needed in the synthesis of prostaglandins?
Aspirin
Because of resonance, a peptide bond is about 40% double bond character. It is rigid, allowing ___little/alot___ of free rotation. We see a flat SP2 structure. Steric hinderance causes the trans conformation to be more stable than cis.
Little free rotation
“VERY IMPORTANT DAT CONCEPT”
What is the difference between the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins?
Primary structure: held by covalent bonds including disulfide bonds
Secondary structure: 3D conformation of localized regions held by hydrogen bonds (alpha helix and beta pleated sheets)
Tertiary structure: 3D shape of entire molecule held by all the bonds of previous structures plus salt bridges (electrostatic interactions) and hydrophobic interactions
Quaternary: Refers to the way one polypeptide chain interacts with another (hemoglobin)
What is the difference between the digestion and denaturation of a protein?
Digestion: lose primary structure (basically all)
Denaturation: lose all structures except primary
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double stranded and resides exclusively in the nucleus
RNA is single stranded and can leave the nucleus and direct the synthesis of proteins in ribosomes
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleoside?
Nucleotide: sugar, phosphate, N-base
Nucleoside: sugar, N-base
(Nucleosides lack phosphate)
What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines and give examples of only purines:
What combination of purine and pyrimidine has 3 H-bonds?
Purines have 2 rings and pyrimidines only have one
Purines: A and G
3 H-bonds: G-C
What forms the structural framework of DNA and RNA?
Sugar-phosphate “backbone”
“KNOW THAT FOR THE DAT, YOU WILL THANK ME”
The connection between successive monomer units in nucleic acids is the ________ _____. It is between the #-OH of one sugar and #-OH of another sugar.
phosphodiester link: connection between monomer units in nucleic acids
3’-OH and 5’-OH
In the plasma membrane the ____ heads and ____ tails of the phospholipid bilayer is considered amphipathic.
Hydrophilic heads
Hydrophobic tails
What is the fluid mosaic model?
Lipids and many proteins are in constant lateral motion.
Talks about the plasma membrane and how peripheral and integral proteins float in this layer like an iceberg.
When you see fuzzy stuff looking through a microscope, what type of microscope are you looking through?
Transmission Electron Microscope
“DK DAT”
What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
Phagocytosis is cell “eating”
Pinocytosis is cell “drinking”
What is a major player in cell-mediated endocytosis?
Clathrin
Give an example of exocytosis:
Beta cells in the pancreas make insulin and secrete it into the blood by exocytosis
