Ch 11 Principles Flashcards Preview

AEMT Pharmacology > Ch 11 Principles > Flashcards

Flashcards in Ch 11 Principles Deck (60)
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1
Q

What is the USP?

A

United States Pharmacopeia

2
Q

pharmacodynamics is…

A

The Mechanism of Action, intended effects, and results of medication administration.

3
Q

untoward effect

A

A negative side-effect.

4
Q

enteral

A

Through the GI tract

5
Q

parenteral

A

Routes other than GI, including:

  • percutaneous: IM, IV, IO, SubQ (SC)
  • transmucosal: buccal, sublingual, intranasal
6
Q

Medication Routes from Fastest to Slowest

A
IV/IO
Transmucosal
IM
SubQ
Rectal
TD [?]
Oral
7
Q

Major forms drugs come in

A

solid
liquid
semisolid / gel
gas

8
Q

DEA Schedule I drugs

A

1) Highly addictive, with
2) High potential for abuse, and
2) NO ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE

e.g. heroin, LSD, mescaline, cannabis

9
Q

DEA Schedule II drugs

A

1) Highly addictive, with
2) High potential for abuse, BUT
2) WITH ACCEPTED MEDICAL USE

e.g. morphine, cocaine, codeine

10
Q

DEA Schedule III-V drugs

A

Progressively become less addictive, less potential for abuse. All have medical use.

11
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category A

A

No identified risks.

12
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category B

A

Animal studies show risks.

Human studies inadequate.

13
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category C

A

Animal studies show adverse reactions.

Human studies inadequate.

14
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category D

A

Studies show risks to fetus.

In some situations, benefits > risks.

15
Q

FDA Pregnancy Category X

A

Studies show risks to fetus.

In all situations, risks > benefits.

16
Q

teratogenic

A

causing harm to the fetus

17
Q

Medication volume formula

A

Vol on Hand
VOL = ———————– * Desired Dose
Dose on Hand

18
Q

Medical Profile includes…

A
name
classification
mechanism of action
indications
pharmacokinetics
side effects
route
contraindication
dose
how supplied
19
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

How a drug is absorbed, distributed, and eliminated from the body.

20
Q

indications

A

Conditions that indicate the drug should be administered.

21
Q

contraindications

A

Conditions that indicate the drug may be harmful to administer.

22
Q

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required…

A

proper labelling

23
Q

Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914….

A

Addressed opium and cocaine
Regulations on import, mfg, sale, use
Penalties for violations

24
Q

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938…

A
  • Formed the FDA
  • Mandated dispensation with prescription, if harmful or addictive.
  • Required labeling of addictive drugs
  • Required labeling of side effects
  • Revised in 1952 and 1962
25
Q

Durham-Humphrey Amendments of 1951…

A
  • Required written or verbal prescription for certain meds.

- Defined the OTC category.

26
Q

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970…

A
  • AKA the Controlled Substances Act

- Created the 5 Schedules

27
Q

prescription drugs can be used by EMS personnel because…

A

They are prescribed by the medical director (in protocols). But prescribed based on your assessment.

28
Q

Phase I drug trials address…

A
  • safe dose
  • absorption
  • elimination
29
Q

Phase II drug trials…

A
  • needed dose to treat

- use patients with the indicated condition

30
Q

Phase III drug trials…

A
  • large sample size
31
Q

Phase IV drug trials…

A
  • compare to other drugs on the market
32
Q

The 4 drugs names are…

A

1) Trade
2) Chemical
3) Generic
4) Official

33
Q

Types of Liquid meds include…

A
  • solutions
  • suspensions
  • tinctures: alcohol extraction, usually topical
  • spirits: solutions in alcohol for oral route
  • elixirs: mixed with sweeters & flavorings
  • syrups: thick, sweet elixirs
  • emulsions: combination of 2 insolubles using emulsifier. oil and water components.
34
Q

Types of semisolid meds include…

A
  • patches: TD route
  • lotion: most water = absorbed fastest
  • cream: middle in speed, less water
  • ointment: slower, less water
35
Q

Drugs Classification is based on…

A
  • MOA
  • target tissue
  • how it treats
  • body system affected
36
Q

adrenergic receptors are found in the…

A

sympathetic nervous system

37
Q

adrenergic neurotransmitters

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

38
Q

adrenergic receptor types

A

α1 : peripheral vasoconstriction
α2 : peripheral vasodilation
β1 : increased hr, automaticity, contractility, conductivity
β2 : broncodilation, vasoconstriction

39
Q

cholinergic receptors are found in the….

A

parasympathetic nervous system

40
Q

parasympathetic neurotransmitter

A

acetylcholine

41
Q

parasympathetic receptors cause…

A
  • lower HR, BP
  • constricted pupils
  • higher GI system activity
42
Q

sympathomimetics

A

≡ adrenergic agonists

mimic effects of sympathetic nervous system

43
Q

sympatholytics

A

inhibit sympathetic n.s.

44
Q

parasympathomimetics

A

≡ cholinergics

≡ parasympathetic agonists

45
Q

direct-acting cholinergics

MOA

A

stimulate ACh receptors directly

46
Q

indirect-acting cholinergics

MOA

A
affect acetylcholinesterase
(which breaks down ACh in the synapse)
prolonging cholinergic effects
47
Q

parasympatholytics

MOA

A

blocks ACh at receptor site

prototypical med = atropine

48
Q

analgesics

A

reduce pain

49
Q

opioid agonist-antagonist

A
  • acts as both

- reduces pain w/o side effects of resp. & CNS depression

50
Q

NO (nitrous oxide) class

A

analgesic (non-opioid)

51
Q

non-opioid analgesics

A
  • not derived from opium.
  • some OTC
  • NO
  • NSAIDS
52
Q

NSAIDs

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

e.g. ibuprofen, salicylates, acetaminophen

53
Q

barbiturates

A
  • sedative

- MOA: increase affinity between GABA & its receptors

54
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid

55
Q

benzodiazepines

A
  • most commonly prescribed sedatives

- act on GABA, similar to barbiturates

56
Q

nonbarbiturate hypnotics

A
  • MOA similar to barbs & benzos
  • fewer side effects
  • e.g. Ambien (zolpidem)
57
Q

stimulants…

A
  • Either increase excitatory neurotransmitter activity
  • or decrease release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
  • decreasing fatigue and increasing awareness
  • side effects: tachycardia, HTN, seizures
  • e.g. caffeine, cocaine, meth
58
Q

depressants

A
  • slow CNS activity
  • treat anxiety, muscle tension, stress, pain, insomnia
  • e.g. bezos, barbs, narcotics
59
Q

3 common benzos

A

diazepam
alprazolam
midazolam

60
Q

anticonvulsants

A
  • treat seizures or epilepsy

- thought to inhibit influx of Na into cells, decreasing ability to polarize