Ch 11 to Ch 13 Flashcards
To rock GEOG 240 (18 cards)
-Livable cities:
Cities generally agreed to be ‘good’ places to live. Often, livability is assessed using clearly defined indicators. Canadian cities generally have ranked high in published statistical reports that claim to measure urban quality of life or livability.
-Transportation Demand Management (TMD):
A recent strategy used by transportation planners. In the past, traffic was simply forecast and accommodated, but TDM attempts to change the demand itself rather than simply accommodate demand—eg. Shifting hours of work in one or more large employment sectors in order to reduce congestion during periods of rush hour or peak load.
-Revitalization/Regeneration:
Renewal or re-growth of an obsolete sector of the economy or area of the city, such as the reinvigoration of the core and inner city in large Canadian metropolitan areas in the twenty-first century.
-Urban sustainability:
Conditions required to assure the long term availability of the natural resources (including pure water and air) required for the existence of urban settlements. Urban sustainability is increasingly perceived in global context such as the contribution of cities to planetary environmental degradation, eg., global warming. Sustainability can also be defined in more narrow economic terms.
-Urban renewal:
Strategic reuse of an area of the city that is underused and often run down due to forces of change and transition. Urban renewal schemes are usually planned comprehensively under the direction of professional planners and at least partially funded by one or more levels of government.
-Post-Fordism:
The period succeeding Fordism characterized by a dismantling of Fordist mechanisms and their replacement by more market-oriented (neo-liberal) processes.
-Governance:
The work of government institutions, along with all the instances and processes with an impact on government decision-making. Governance thus provides a much broader perspective on the political process than the concept of government does.
-Fordism:
A Period of economic development that lasted roughly from the 1920s until the late 1970s, when growth rested on correspondence between rising consumption and increasing mass production. Fordism required ongoing Keynesian-type government interventions to stimulate consumption.
-Neo-liberalism:
Tendency for a withdrawal of governments from the economic and social scene, so as to increase reliance on the private sector and market processes. Neo-liberalism was meant to reverse Keynesian policies.
-Gentrification:
The process whereby high-income households purchase and upgrade central-city housing that once was occupied by residents of a significantly lower income. Today, some would consider other kinds of residential upgrading such as condominium development as gentrification.
-Entrepreneurial municipal regimes:
Forms of municipal administration that emphasize the support of private-sector initiatives or that orient municipal policy-making principally around economic development objectives.
-Social housing:
Government funded housing provided to low-income households whose housing needs are not adequately met by the private real estate industry. Rent is subsidized such that the household does not pay more than 30% of its gross income.
-Welfare state:
Strong state/government involvement in the provision of basic needs, such as health care, housing, and old age security, as well as government intervention in matters more typically dealt with by the private sector, such as wage rates.
-Urban form:
The configuration of urban areas. Urban form can pertain to the distribution and density of activities within metropolitan regions or to design features of specific places within cities.
-Land rent:
A value derived within a land market for the use of land, affected by site characteristics such as location. An economic agent (eg. A firm or household) is willing to pay a certain rent to the landowner for the use of the owner’s property for a period of time. For comparability of land values across an urban area, it is common conceptually to think of landowners who use that land themselves (eg. For their private home), instead of renting it to others, as effectively paying “rent” to themselves for the use of their property.
-Bid-rent curves:
A modeling concept in economic geography used to understand and depict the trade-offs made by economic agents (eg. A houshold, a firm) between rent and distance. At any point along one bid-rent curve the economic agent is equally satisfied with the combination of location (in relation to the urban center) and the rent cost to occupy that location. Any negative change in the desired distance from the urban center, along one bid-rent curve, is compensated for by an equally desirable change in rent cost, such that the economic agent remains indifferent. Refer to pg. 234 fig. 13.5
-New economy:
An economy that reflects recent economic changes stemming from de-industrialization, the rise of high-order tertiary activities, and globalization.
-Place-making:
Planning efforts to insert physical/architectural features and events into the urban environment to help make a city or a particular part of a city more appealing, hence more ‘place-ful’ and competitive globally as well as at more local scales.
