Ch. 12 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What two types of connective tissues does the skeletal system consist of?
A
Bone and cartilage
2
Q
Ligaments
A
Formed of fibrous connective tissue, join the bones
3
Q
What are the functions of the skeleton?
A
Supports the body, moves the body, protection, produces blood cells, stores minerals and fat
4
Q
Diaphysis
A
Shaft of the bone
5
Q
Medullary cavity
A
Inside the diaphysis, its walls are made of compact bone, the cavity is lined with the endosteum and is filled with yellow bone marrow
6
Q
Epiphysis
A
Expanded end of a long bone, composed of spongy bone that contains red bone marrow, it is coated with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, and is also called articular cartilage because it occurs at a joint
7
Q
Metaphysis
A
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis, contains the epiphyseal plate, a region of cartilage that allows for bone growth
8
Q
Periosteum
A
Connective tissue covering all bones, continuous with ligaments and tendons
9
Q
What are the two types of bone tissue?
A
Compact and Spongy
10
Q
Compact bone
A
Highly organized and composed of tubular units called osteons
11
Q
Osteocytes
A
Bone cells, they lie in lacunae
12
Q
Lacunae
A
Tiny chambers arranged in concentric circles around a central canal, matrix fills the space between the rows
13
Q
Canaliculi
A
Tiny canals, which connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal
14
Q
Spongy bone
A
Contains numerous thing plates called trabeculae
15
Q
Red bone marrow
A
In the spaces of spongy bone, produces all types of blood cells
16
Q
Cartilage
A
Not as strong as bone, but is more flexible, matrix contains collagen and elastic fibers, has no nerves or blood vessels so takes time to heal
17
Q
Chondrocytes
A
Cartilage cells; lie within lacunae
18
Q
What are the three types of cartilage?
A
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
19
Q
Where can you find Hyaline cartilage?
A
Ends of long bones, nose, ends of ribs, larynx, and trachea
20
Q
Where can you find Fibrocartilage?
A
Disks between vertebrae and in the knee
21
Q
Where can you find Elastic cartilage?
A
Ear flaps and epiglottis
22
Q
Fibrous connective tissue
A
Made of rows of fibroblasts separated by bundles of collagenous fibers, makes up ligaments and tendons
23
Q
Red marrow
A
Mostly in axial skeleton, produces all types of blood cells
24
Q
Yellow marrow
A
Mostly in appendicular skeleton, stores fat
25
Axial skeleton
Follows midline of the body, consists of the skill, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and the rib cage
26
Skull
Formed by the cranium and the facial bones
27
Cranium
Contains and protects the brain
28
What are the bones of the cranium?
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid
29
Foramen magnum
A hole in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
30
External auditory canal
In each temporal bones; leads to the middle ear
31
Orbits
Eye sockets
32
Sinuses
Air spaces in some cranial bones, lined with mucous membrane, reduce the weight of the skill
33
Mastoid sinuses
Smaller set of sinuses, drain into the middle ear
34
Mandible
The only moveable bone in the skull
35
Maxillae
Forms the upper jaw and a portion of the orbits as well as the herd palate and the floor of the nose (joined by palatine bones)
36
Zygomatic bones
Form the cheekbones
37
Nasal Bones
Forms the bridge of the nose
38
Ethmoid and Vomer
Are a part of the nasal septum, which divides the interior of the nose into nasal cavities
39
Lacrimal bone
Contains the opening for the nasolacrimal canal, which drains tears from the eyes to the nose
40
Hyoid bone
Not part of the skull, but is part of the axial skeleton, it anchors the tongue and serves as the site for the attachment of muscles associated with swallowing
41
Vertebral Column
Consists of 33 vertebrae, there are four curvatures that provide more strength for an upright posture than a straight column
42
Scoliosis
Abnormal sideways curvature of the spine
43
Kyphosis
Abnormal posterior curvature (hunchback)
44
Lordosis
Abnormal anterior curvature (swayback)
45
Vertebral canal
In the center of the column; the spinal cord pass through
46
Intervertebral foramina
On each side of the column, spinal nerves travel through the
47
Spinal nerves
Control skeletal muscle contraction, among other things; if the spinal cord/nerves are injured, there can be paralysis or even death
48
Spinous processes
of the vertebrae, bony long the midline of the back, serve as attachment sites for muscles
49
Transverse processes
Extend laterally, serve as attachment sites for muscles
50
Cervical vertebrae
In the neck
51
Atlas
First cervical vertebra; holds up the head (up and down)
52
Axis
Second cervical vertebra (side to side)
53
Thoracic vertebrae
Connect to the ribs
54
Lumbar vertebrae
Lower back
55
Sacral vertebrae
Fused
56
Coccygeal vertebrae
More noticeable in animals with tails
57
Intervertebral disks
Composed of fibrocartilage, prevent the vertebrae from grinding, absorb shock caused by movement (running, walking, etc.) allows the vertebrae to move as we bend forward, backward, side to side, and become weaken with age and can herniate and rupture
58
Thoracic cage
Rib cage, composed of the thoracic vertebrae, the ribs and their associated cartilages, and the sternum; Is part of the axial skeleton, protects the heart and lungs
59
How many pairs of ribs are there?
Twelve (12) pairs; all connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the back
60
True ribs
Ribs 1-7; Connect directly to the sternum by means of a long strip of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage
61
False ribs
Ribs 8 to 12; their costal cartilage does not connect directly to the sternum
62
Floating ribs
Ribs 11 to 12; they have no connection with the sternum
63
Sternum
Breastbone, along with the ribs, it helps protect the heart and lungs
64
What three bones is the Sternum composed of?
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
65
Pectoral girdle
Consists of a scapula and a clvaicle
66
Scapula
Shoulder blade
67
Clavicle
Collarbone, joins with the sternum and the acromion process of the scapula
68
Glenoid cavity of the scapula
Articulates with the head of the humerus, the upper arm bone
69
Rotator cuff
Tendons that extend to the humerus from four small muscles originating on the scapula
70
The upper limb
Humerus in the arm and the radius and ulna in the forearm
71
The humerus
The single long bone in the arm, has a smoothly rounded head that fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula; the shaft of the humerus has a tuberosity where the deltoid, a shoulder muscle, attaches
72
What are the two protuberances the far end of the humerus has?
Capitulum and the trochlea
73
What is the bump at the back of the elbow?
Olecranon process of the ulna (your funny bone)
74
Carpal bones
8 bones in the wrist
75
Metacarpal bones
5 bones in the palm
76
Phalanges
The bones of the fingers, thumbs, and toes
77
Pelvic girdle
Hip girdle, consists of two coxl bones (hip bones)
78
Pelvis
Composed of the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx; bears the weight of the body, protects the organs wihtin the pelvic cavity, and is the place of attachment for the legs
79
What are the three parts of the coxal bone
Ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are fused in the adult
80
Acetabulum
The hip socket; where the coxal bones three parts meet
81
Ilium
The largest of the coxal bone
82
Ischium
Has a posterior spine, called the ischial spine, for muscle attachment
83
Pubic symphysis
A fibrocartilaginous joint that joins the two pubic bones
84
The pelvic girdle (Woman vs. men)
Different, in the female the iliac bones are more flared, and the pelvic cavity is shallower, but the outlet is wider; these adaptions facilitate the birthing process
85
The bones of the leg; lower limb
The femur in the thigh, the tibia and fibula in the lower leg
86
Femur
Longest, strongest bone in the body; the head of the femur articulates with the coxal bones at the acetabulum; the neck better positions legs for walking
87
What are the two large processes of the femur?
The greater and the lesser trochanters; these are places of attachment for thigh muscles, buttock muscles, and hip flexors.
88
Distal femur
Has medial and lateral condyles that articulate with the tibia
89
Patella
(kneecap) held in place by the quadriceps tendon, which continues as a ligament that attaches to the tibial tuberosity
90
Medial malleolus
At the distal end of the tibia
91
Fibula
The slenderer bone in the leg; has a head that articulates with the tibia and a distal lateral malleolus that forms the outer bulge of the ankle
92
Tarsal bones
Seven bones in the ankle
93
Talus
Joins the tibia and fibula
94
Calcaneus
Heel bone
95
Metatarsal bones
Five bones in the instep.
96
Articulations (joints)
Where bones come together; most fibrous joints are immovable
97
What are the three classifications for articulations (joints)
Fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
98
Cartilaginous joints
Connected by hyaline cartilage (costal cartilages) or fibrocartilage
99
Synovial joints
Are freely moveable, ligaments support and strengthen joints
100
Joint capsule
Formed by ligaments, surrounds the joint
101
Synovial membrane
Lines the joint capsule, secretes synovial fluid for lubrication
102
Bursae
Fluid-filled sacs that ease friction
103
Menisci
C-shaped fibrocartilage; give stability and absorb shock
104
Ball-and-socket joints
Allow movement in all places, even rotational movement
105
Hinge joints
Permit movement in only one direction (elbow, knee)
106
Osteoarthritis
Degeneration of articular cartilage
107
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in joints
108
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells; secrete the organic matrix of bone and promote the deposition of calcium salts into the matrix
109
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells; when osteoblasts surround themselves with calcified matrix, the become osteocytes within lacunae
110
Osteoclasts
Bone-absorbing cells; break down bone; return calcium and phosphate to the blood
111
Ossification
The formation of bone; bones form during embryonic development in two distinctive ways
112
What are the two was bones form during embryonic development
Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
113
Intramembranous ossification
Forms flat bones (bones of the skull) Bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue; osteoblasts in the periosteum carry out further ossification
114
Endochondral ossification
Forms most bones (long bones ex. tibia) Calcified bone matrix replaces the hyaline cartilage models of the bones, bone formation spreads from the center of the bone to the ends
115
The cartilage model
In the embryo, chondrocytes form cartilage models (hyaline cartilage shaped like the future bones)
116
The bone collar
Osteoblasts secrete the matrix, which then calcifies
117
What are the steps of endochondral ossification?
1. The primary ossification center
2. The medullary cavity and secondary ossification sites
3. The epiphyseal (growth) plate
118
Step one of Endochondral ossification
Blood vessels bring osteoblasts to a region called a primary ossification center, the first center for bone formation
119
Step two of endochondral ossification
Spongy bone in the diaphysis is absorbed by osteoclasts, forming the medullary cavity
120
Step three of endochondral ossification
A band of cartilage remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary center; the limbs keep increasing in length as long as the epiphyseal plates are present
121
What are the four layers the epiphyseal plate contain?
Resting zone, proliferating zone, degenerating zone, and ossification zone
122
Resting zone
The layer nearest the epiphysis where cartilage remains
123
Proliferating zone
Chondrocytes are producing new cartilage cells
124
Degenerating zone
Cartilage cells are dying off
125
Ossification zone
Bone is forming, increasing the length of the bone
126
Final size of the bone
When the epiphyseal plates close, bone lengthening can no longer occur
127
Vitamin D
Formed in the skin when exposed to sunlight; is converted to a hormone that is necessary for absorption of calcium from food
128
Growth hormone
Stimulates bone growth, need concurrent action of thyroid hormone to stimulate metabolism
129
Dwarfism
Too little GH in childhood
130
Gigantism
Excess GH in childhood
131
Acromegaly
Excess GH in adults; growth of bones in the hands and face
132
Sex hormones
Increase growth during adolescence
133
Bone remodeling
Osteoclasts break bone down; osteoblasts build it up; recycles 18% of bone each year
134
Paget disease
New bone in generated at a faster than normal rate; produces softer and weaker bones and can lead to deformities, fractures, and pain
135
Parathyroid hormone
Stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone if needed to increase blood calcium levels; promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine and kidney increasing blood calcium levels
136
Calcitonin
Has opposite effects of PTH; tones down Ca2+ in the blood and deposits it into bones
137
Estrogen
Increases the number of osteoblasts; reduction of estrogen in older woman can cause osteoporosis
138
Osteoporosis
Bones are weakened due to decreased bone mass, skeletal mass increases until age 30
139
What are the steps of bone repair?
1. Hematoma
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus
3. Bony callus
4. Remodeling
140
Hematoma
Forms 6 to 8 hours after the fracture; blood clot between broken bones
141
Fibrocartilaginous callus
Forms in 3 weeks; fibrocartilage callus between broken bones
142
Bony callus
Forms in 3 to 4 months; cartilaginous callus turns in bone
143
Remodeling
Osteoblasts build new compact bone at the periphery, osteoclasts absorb the spongy bone, creating a new medullary cavity
144
What are the types of bone fractures?
Complete, incomplete, simple, compound, impacted, and spiral
145
Complete fracture
The bone is broken clear through
146
Incomplete fracture
The bone is not separated into two parts
147
Simple fracture
It does not pierce the skin
148
Compound fracture
It does pierce the skin
149
Impacted fracture
The broken ends are wedged into each other
150
Spiral fracture
The break is ragged due to twisting of the bone
