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Unit 2; BIO 135 > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Tissue

A

A collection of cells of the same type that perform a common function

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2
Q

What are the four major tissue types?

A

Connective, Muscular, Nervous, and Epithelial

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3
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue?

A

Fibrous, supportive, and fluid

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4
Q

What are the three main components of all connective tissue types?

A

Specialized cells, ground substances, and protein fibers

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5
Q

Ground substance

A

Noncellular material between the cells; varies in consistency from solid (bone) to fluid (blood)

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6
Q

What are the three types of protein fibers?

A

Collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers

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7
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Flexible and strong

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8
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Thing, highly branched collagen fibers

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9
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Contain elastin. a protein that stretches and recoils

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10
Q

What are the two main forms of fibrous connective tissue?

A

Loose and dense

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11
Q

Loose fibrous connective tissue is made up of:

A

Includes areolar, reticular, and adipose tissue

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12
Q

Dense fibrous tissue present in:

A

Tendons and ligaments

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13
Q

Loose fibrous connective tissue

A

Supports epithelium and many internal organs; its functions include energy storage, insulation, and cushioning

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14
Q

Dense fibrous connective tissue contains:

A

Densely packed collagen fibers

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15
Q

What are the two major types of supportive connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone

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16
Q

What are the functions of the two supportive connective tissue?

A

Structure, shape, protection, and leverage for movement

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17
Q

Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes, matrix is solid but flexible, lacks a direct blood supply (heals slowly)

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18
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Cells that lie in small places called lacunae

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19
Q

What are the three types of cartilage and how are they distinguished?

A

Distinguished by the type of fibers found in the matrix:
Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

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20
Q

Hyaline cartilage is

A

Fine collagen fibers and found in the tip of the nose, ends of long bones, and the fetal skeleton

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21
Q

Elastic cartilage is

A

Lots of elastic fibers and is found in the outer ear

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22
Q

Fibrocartilage is

A

Strong collagen fibers and is found in the disks between vertebrae

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23
Q

Bone

A

The most rigid connective tissue, matrix is made of collagen and calcium salts

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24
Q

What are the two bone types?

A

Compact and spongy bones

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25
Compact bone
Contain osteons which are cylindrical structural units, makes up the shafts of long bones
26
Spongy bone
Is inside the ends of long bones, lighter than compact bone, but strong
27
What are the two types of fluid connective tissue?
Blood and lymph
28
Blood
Consists of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular components, or formed elements
29
What are the three formed elements?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
30
Red blood cells
Cells that carry oxygen (erythrocytes)
31
White blood cells
Cells that fight infections (leukocytes)
32
Platelets
Pieces of cells that clot blood (thrombocytes)
33
Lymph
Derived from the fluid surrounding tissues, contains white blood cells
34
Lymphatic vessels
Absorb excess interstitial fluid and return lymph to the cardiovascular system
35
Muscular tissue
Specialized to contract, cells are called muscle fibers
36
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
37
Skeletal muscle
Attached to the skeleton by tendons, contractions move the skeleton, voluntarily controlled
38
Skeletal muscle components (fiber)
Very long, can run the entire length of the muscle, have multiple nuclei, striated (striped)
39
Smooth muscle
No striations, spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus, involuntarily controlled, found in the walls of viscera
40
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in the walls of the heart, striated, involuntary, single nucleas, cells are connected by intercalated disks
41
Nervous tissue consist of what?
Neurons and Neuroglia
42
What are the three primary functions of the nervous tissue?
Sensory input, integration, and motor output
43
Of what three parts do neurons consist of?
Dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
44
Dendrites
Carry information toward the cell body
45
Cell body
Contains the nucleus and other organelles
46
Axon
Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
47
Myelin
A fatty substance that covers some axons, increases the rate of signal transduction
48
Nerves
Bundles of axons traveling to and from the brain and spinal cord
49
Neuroglia
Outnumer neurons 9 to 1, take up more than half of the volume of the brain, main function is to support and nourish neurons (astrocytes, microglia)
50
Epithelial tissue
Consists of tightly packed cells, lines body cavities, body surfaces, and is found in glands, anchored by a basement membrane on one side and is free on the other
51
Simple epithelium
Single layer of cells
52
Stratified epithelium
Multiple layers of cells
53
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of flattened cells, found in the lungs where it functions in gas exchange
54
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Single layer of cube-shaped cells
55
Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of column-shaped cells
56
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Because of the location of the nuclei, appears stratified but every cell touches the basement membrane, often has cilia, which move mucus across its surface
57
Glands
One or more cells that make and secrete a products
58
What are the two types of glands?
Exocrine and Endocrine
59
Exocrine glands
Secrete into ducts
60
Endocrine glands
Secrete into the bloodstream, have no ducts
61
Stratified squamous epithelium
Consists of several layers of flattened cells, forms the outer layer of the skin, and lines the mouth and esophagus
62
Transitional epithelium
Cells change shape in response to tension (from cuboidal to squamous) Lining of the urinary bladder
63
What does the integumentary system include?
Skin, accessory organs such as hair, nails, and glands
64
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Protects underlying tissues from trauma, pathogen invasion, and water loss, helps regulate body temperature, contains sensory receptors, such as touch and temperature receptors, and makes us aware of our surroundings
65
What are the 2 main regions of the skin
The epidermis and the dermis, beneath the dermis there is a subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
66
Epidermis
Thin, outermost layer of the skin, made of stratified squamous epithelium, new epidermal cells are in the deepest layer (produced by stem cells)
67
Autograft
From another area of the body
68
Allograft
From another person
69
Keratinocytes
In the upper layer of epidermis, dead and filled with keratin, forms a waterproof barrier
70
Langerhans cells
A type of white blood cell
71
Melanocytes
Produce melanin, which produces skin color and protects from UV lights
72
What are some other contributors to skin color?
Carotene and hemoglobin
73
Skin Cancer
Caused by UV rays from the sun
74
Basal cell carcinoma
Cancer of epidermal stem cells, most common type of skin cancer; curable
75
Melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes, extremely serious, can be malignant
76
The dermis
Thick, inner layer of the skin
77
What is the dermis made up of and what does it contain?
Made of dense fibrous connective tissue, contains collagen and elastin for strength and elasticity. Also contains blood vessels, sensory receptors, and glands.
78
Subcutaneous layer
Also called hypodermis, technically not part of the skin and is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. It stores energy, insulates, and protects.
79
Nails
Offer a protective covering of the digits (fingers and toes) Grow from the nail root to cover the nail bed.
80
Digits
Fingers and toes
81
Cuticle
Covers the nail root
82
Lunula
White half-moon shape at the base
83
Hair follicles
Epidermal structures that surround the hair itself
84
Hair shaft
The portion of hair protruding from the skin
85
Arrector pili muslces
Attached to the hair follicle
86
Sebaceous glands
Oil glands, produce sebum, retards bacterial growth, acne which is caused by inflammation
87
Sudoriferous glands
Sweat glands, in the dermis, their ducts open onto the skin surface to help regulate body temperature
88
What are the two main body cavities
Ventral and Dorsal
89
Ventral cavity
(Belly) contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities. The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated by the diaphragm
90
Dorsal Cavity
(Back) Contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
91
Body membranes
Line cavities and the internal spaces of organs and tubes that open to the outside
92
What are the four types of body membranes?
Mucous, serous, synovial membranes and the meninges
93
Mucous membranes
Secrete mucus, lines the tube of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
94
What are mucous membranes composed of (and what do they contain)
Composed of epithelium overlying loose fibrous connective tissue, contains goblet cells that secrete mucus.
95
Serous membranes
Line closed cavities, and cover the surface of the organs contained within
96
Pleural membranes
Line the thoracic cavity and cover the lungs
97
Pericardium
Forms the pericardial sac and covers the heart
98
Peritoneum
Lines the abdominal cavity (peritoneal cavity) and covers its organs
99
Synovial membranes
Composed only of loose connective tissue, line freely moveable joints (ex. the knees) secrete synovial fluid for lubrication
100
Meninges
Composed only of connective tissue, in the dorsal cavity, and when inflamed causes meningitis
101
What are the two parts of the internal environment?
Blood and interstitial fluid
102
Interstitial fluid
Surrounds the outside of cells; substances are exchanged through it
103
What are the two mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis?
Negative and positive feedback
104
Negative feedback
The primary mechanism used in the body, has two components, the output of the system turns down, or off the production
105
What are the two components in negative feedback?
A sensor and a control center
106
Positive feedback
Brings about a change in the same direction as the original stimulus, can be harmful in some situations

Unit 2; BIO 135 (4 decks)

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