Ch 12: Cell Cycle

Question 1

what is reproduction

Answer 1

property of living organisms

Question 2

what is the continuity of life based upon

Answer 2

reproduction of cells (cell division)

Question 3

unicellullar organisms

Answer 3

division of one cell reproduces the entire organism

Question 4

multicellular organisms depend on cell division for

Answer 4

• development from fertilized cell
• growth
• repair

Question 5

cell division is a part of _____-

Answer 5

cell cycle

Question 6

what is the cell cycle

Answer 6

life of a cell from formation to its own division

Question 7

a dividing cell

Answer 7

• duplicates its DNA
• allocates 2 copies to opposite ends of cells
• splits into daughter cells

Question 8

genome

Answer 8

cell’s genetic info; all the DNA

Question 9

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into

Answer 9

chromosomes

Question 10

somatic

Answer 10

non reproductive cells

Question 11

how many sets of chromosomes do somatic cells have

Answer 11

2 (diploid)

Question 12

gametes

Answer 12

reproductive cells (eggs & sperm)

Question 13

how many sets of chromosomes do gametes have

Answer 13

half as the somatic cells (haploid)

Question 14

chromatin

Answer 14

complex of DNA & protein that condenses during cell division

Question 15

what kind of chromosomes consist of chromatin

Answer 15

eukaryotic

Question 16

distribution of chromosomes during cell division

Answer 16

• dna is replicated => chromosomes condense
• each duplicated chromosome has 2 sister chromarids
• chromatids separate during cell division

Question 17

centromere

Answer 17

“waist” of the duplicated chromosome
- where the two chromatids are attached

Question 18

eukaryotic cell division consists of

Answer 18

mitosis & cytokinesis

Question 19

mitosis

Answer 19

division of nucleus

Question 20

cytokinesis

Answer 20

division of cytoplasm

Question 21

gamates are produced through

Answer 21

meiosis

Question 22

meiosis

Answer 22

makes nonidentical daughter cells (half the set of parent cell)

Question 23

what kind of cell does meiosis produce

Answer 23

haploid

Question 24

phases of cell cycle

Answer 24

mitotic & interphase

Question 25

mitotic (M) phase

Answer 25

mitosis & cytokinesis

Question 26

interphase

Answer 26

cell growth & copying of chromosomes in prep for cell division

Question 27

how long is interphase

Answer 27

90% of cell cycle

Question 28

subphases of interphase

Answer 28

G1 (1st gap) S (synthesis) G2 (2nd gap)

Question 29

5 phases of mitosis

Answer 29

1. prophase 2. prometaphase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase

Question 30

microtubules

Answer 30

control chromosome movement during mitosis

Question 31

centrosome

Answer 31

microtubule organizing center

Question 32

centrosome replication

Answer 32

- after replication 2 centrosomes - migrate to opposite ends of cell - spindle microtubules grow out of them

Question 33

aster

Answer 33

radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome

Question 34

where to spindle microtubules attach

Answer 34

kinetochores

Question 35

anaphase

Answer 35

- sis chromatids separate & move along kinetochore microtubules toward opposite ends of the cell - microtubules shorten by depolymerizing at kinetochore ends

Question 36

nonkinetochore microtubules

Answer 36

overlap from op cells & push against each other to elongate the cell

Question 37

cytokinesis in animal cells

Answer 37

cleavage furrow

Question 38

cytokinesis in plant cells

Answer 38

cell plate forms

Question 39

how to prokaryotes reproduce

Answer 39

binary fission

Question 40

binary fission

Answer 40

- chromosome replicates - 2 daughter chromosomes actively move apart - one copy of origin is now at each end of cell - cell wall is deposited

Question 41

evolution of mitosis

Answer 41

mitosis probably came from binary fission

Question 42

what does the frequency of cell division vary on

Answer 42

type of cell - results from regulation at molecular level

Question 43

cell cycle control system

Answer 43

sequential events of cell cycle

Question 44

checkpoints

Answer 44

where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is recieved

Question 45

what are the 2 types of regulatory proteins in cell cycle control

Answer 45

- cyclins - cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Question 46

internal signal

Answer 46

kinetochores not attached to spindles send molecular signal that delays anaphase

Question 47

external signal

Answer 47

growth factors

Question 48

what are growth factors

Answer 48

proteins released by certain cells that stim other cells to divide

Question 49

other external signals

Answer 49

- density dependent inhibition - anchorage dependence

Question 50

density dependent inhibition

Answer 50

crowded cells stop dividing

Question 51

anchorage dependence

Answer 51

cells must be attached to substratum to divide

Question 52

cancer cells

Answer 52

don't respond to body's control system & form tumors

Question 53

tumor

Answer 53

mass of abnormal cells within normal tissue

Question 54

benign tumor

Answer 54

cells stay in original site

Question 55

malignant tumor

Answer 55

metastasize & grow into other places