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Bio 201 > Ch 12 Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 12 Nervous Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two major anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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2
Q

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) include?

A

Nerves in anything not the brain or spinal cord, such as arms, legs, torso

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4
Q

What are the two types of afferent neurons in the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic Afferent neurons
  2. Visceral Afferent neurons
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5
Q

What is the function of Somatic Afferent neurons?

A

Carries sensory information to the CNS from the skin and muscles

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6
Q

What do Visceral Afferent neurons convey?

A

Information to the CNS from organs such as stomach, muscle, cardiac muscle, and structures

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7
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Sensory (Afferent) Division
  2. Motor (Efferent) Division
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8
Q

What does the Motor (Efferent) Division do?

A

Carries impulses from the CNS to effectors

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9
Q

What structures does the Autonomic Nervous System control?

A

Glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and involuntary structures

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10
Q

What is the role of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Includes reflexes and carries impulses to involuntary structures

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11
Q

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A
  1. Sympathetic Division
  2. Parasympathetic Division
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12
Q

What is the function of the Sympathetic Division?

A

Speeds up effectors

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13
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic Division?

A

Slows down effectors

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the division of the nervous system that includes voluntary structures.

A

Somatic Efferent Division

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15
Q

What is the Enteric Plexus?

A

Nerves in the walls of the digestive organs

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16
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory
Integration
Motor

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17
Q

What is sensory function of the nervous system

A

Has specialized cells called receptors that detect stimulation

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18
Q

What is the integration function of the nervous system

A

Determines an appropriate response( in the brain)

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19
Q

What is the motor function of the nervous system

A

Stimulates effectors

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20
Q

What are effectors

A

Anything that responds to a nerve?

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21
Q

Pertaining to neuron function what is excitability or irritability

A

The ability to respond to a nerve impulse

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22
Q

Pertaining to neuron functions, what is action potential

A

The ability of muscle cells to create an electrical current

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23
Q

Pertaining to the function of neurons what is secretion

A

The ability of a neuron to release a product

The product is a neurotransmitter

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24
Q

What is the Soma of a neuron

A

The main part of the cell (contains the nucleus)

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25
What are neurofibrils?
Clusters of intermediate filaments made of protein Their job is to maintain the cell shape
26
What are nissl bodies?
Clumps of rough ER in the cytoplasm
27
What do nissl bodies look like when they're mature
They lack centrioles So no spindles and no mitosis
28
What are inclusions?
Storage units in a neuron Examples lipofuscin which is a waste product of autophagy meaning replacing worn out organelles
29
What are dendrites
Numerous and branched their job is to receive stimulation
30
What are somatic spines?
Extensions from the cell membrane that allow the cells to communicate
31
What is an axon hillock
Where the axon attaches to the Soma? Triangle shaped Single structure
32
What are axons
A single structure that is branched at the ends. The side branches that leave a 90° angles are called collateral branches. The branches at the end are terminal branches
33
What are terminal branches
Branches at the end of an axon
34
What is a synapse
Where two neurons meet but do not touch
35
What is axonal transport?
Two-Way movement of substances in the axon
36
What is the functional class? Sensory (afferent)
Carries impulses to the CNS
37
What is the functional class? Interneurons( association)
Link incoming sensory impulses to an outgoing motor neuron Can test for spinal cord damage Example is the knee-jerk reflex
38
What functional class? Motor(efferent)
Carrie's impulses away from the CNS
39
What is a supportive cell in the CNS?
The neuroglia
40
How many neurons are there compared to neuroglia
There are about 1 trillion neurons in the body but they are outnumber 25 to 1 by glial cells
41
Do neurons or neuroglia conduct impulses?
Only neurons
42
Are neurons our neuroglia capable of mitosis?
Only neuroglia
43
What are the four types of neuroglia in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia(microgliocytes)
44
What is the job of oligodendrocytes?
Their job is to wrap around axons forming a myelin sheath
45
What is the job of astrocytes
They are star-shaped Only lipid soluble substances can pass through this wrapping They wrap around the capillaries in your brain creating the blood-brain barrier They prevent toxic substances in your blood from entering your brain( doesn't always work) They break down glucose They absorb excess neurotransmitters for recycling In case of injury form hard areas in the brain called sclerotic plaque They regulate the growth and migration of neurons in an embryo
46
Why do anesthetics have to be lipid soluble
They have to be able to get past the astrocytes which only allow lipid soluble substances to pass
47
Some examples of lipid soluble drugs
Aspirin alcohol THC( active ingredient in pot)
48
Ependymal cells or where and help with what
They line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord Helps circulate CSF with cilia
49
What are microglia?
Small macrophages They remove debris They can form clusters if infection is present
50
What are the two types of supportive neuroglia cells in the pns?
Schwann cells Satellite sales
51
What do Schwann cells do
Form the mile and sheath in the pns
52
What do satellite cells do in the PNS
Their job is to control the ion concentration in the brain so neurons will function properly
53
What is a myelin sheath made of
Fatty wrapping
54
When does the myelin sheath develop
Around the 14th week of gestation but isn't complete until adolescence which is why dietary fat is important as children grow
55
What is the difference between myelinated and non-myelinated axons?
axons are the myelinated sheath are said to be myelinated and are called white matter Unmyelinated axons are called gray matter and do not have a myelin sheath
56
In the CNS oligodendrocytes, reach out to what
Several axons because of their numerous extensions laying down many layers of its own membrane with little cytoplasm forming the myelin sheath
57
What do Schwann cells in the PNS cover
Only one axon laying down several layers of its own cell membrane and forming a myelin sheath. The outermost wrap of the Schwann cell or contain organelles and cytoplasm forming the neurolemia
58
What is a neurolemia and what does it allow?
It is the outermost layer of a Schwann cell. It contains organelles and allows regeneration
59
Do oligodendrocytes form neurolemia
No so there is no regeneration tube?
60
What are the notes of rainvier or mylon sheath gaps?
There are gaps in the myelination of an axon
61
What are internodes?
myelin covered segments
62
What is the initial segment
The area between the axle and hillock and the first myelin segment
63
Which are faster. Myelinated axons or non-myelinated axons
Myelinated axons are faster

Bio 201 (8 decks)

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