Ch 12: Psychosocial Complications

Question 1

GCS

Answer 1

13-15 mild
9-12 moderate
3-8 severe

Question 2

Major depressive episode

Answer 2

One of the most common results/diagnoses after TBI

At least 2 weeks in which the individual experiences loss of interest or depressed mood, as well as 4 additional symptoms:

• change in appetite
• weight loss or gain
• decreased energy
• feelings of worthlessness
• suicidal ideations

Question 3

What percent of persons with TBI are at risk of the development of depression?

Answer 3

44.3% in 7.5 years

**general population is 5.9% lifetime risk

Question 4

Manic episode

Answer 4

d/t Temporal basal polar lesions and multifocal lesions

1 week where the individual has a noticeably elevated, expansive or irritable mood with 3 symptoms:

Extremely amplified self esteem 
Decreased desire for sleep 
Grandiose ideas
Distractibility
Involvement in activities with high possibility for consequences

Question 5

What percent of TBI‘s have bipolar disorder post injury?

Answer 5

4% as compared to 0.8% without TBI

Question 6

What percent of TBI patients experience panic disorders?

Answer 6

9.2% over 7.5 years

Question 7

What percent of TBI patients experience a personality disorder post injury?

Answer 7

23%

Question 8

What’s the difference between diagnosing a frontal lobe deficit from depression?

Answer 8

The individual’s ability to recognize and acknowledge the deficits

Question 9

Dual diagnosis

Answer 9

TBI with subsequent psychiatric disorder

Question 10

Factors to consider for the post-injury development of a psychiatric disorder

Answer 10

neurophysiological effects of the injury, psychological vulnerability (personality and attribution style), self awareness of the deficits, social influences (social role and social network participation)

Question 11

Disturbances in which neurotransmitters can create depressive symptoms?

Answer 11

serotonin, glutamate, dopamine

Question 12

Damage to what part of the brain has been associated with depression?

Answer 12

lateral and medial frontal lobe, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, basal ganglia

Question 13

What is the difference between bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 13

bipolar I- one or more manic episodes
bipolar II- one or more depressive episodes
cyclothymic- both depressive and hypomanic states

Question 14

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 14

repetitive ritualistic behavior that is so severe that it becomes time consuming, not a widespread dx post TBI

Question 15

Panic attacks are characterized by at least four somatic symptoms including?

Answer 15

sweating, palpitations, trembling or shaking, nausea, chest pain, dizziness, chills or hot flashes

Question 16

Post traumatic stress disorder

Answer 16

group of symptoms following a traumatic event that may include reexperiencing the traumatic event, persistent avoidance of stimuli, increased arousal, anger issues, irritability and flashbacks

Question 17

organic personality disorder

Answer 17

individuals who develop a personality disorder post TBI; changes include apathy, affective lability, uncontrolled emotions, aggression