Ch. 12: social psychology

Question 1

Fritz Heider

Answer 1

Fundamental attribution error

Question 2

what affects our attributions?

Answer 2

Culture: Westerners attribute traits while Asians look at situation.
Whose: our own vs others

Question 3

attitudes

Answer 3

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people and events

Question 4

attitudes affect ____

Answer 4

actions

Question 5

when you adopt a new role

Answer 5

you strive to follow the social prescriptions

Question 6

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 6

• Festinger

- we bring our attitudes into line with our past actions

Question 7

peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 7

uses attention getting cues to trigger emotion based judgements

Question 8

central route to persuasion

Answer 8

offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking

Question 9

norms

Answer 9

rules for expected and accepted behavior

Question 10

social contagion

Answer 10

natural mimicry- allows us to empathize

Question 11

conformity

Answer 11

adjusting our behavior/thinking toward a group standard

Question 12

Solomon Asch Conformity study

Answer 12

which line is the same?

Question 13

normative social influence

Answer 13

influence resulting from a desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 14

informational social influence

Answer 14

when we accept others’ opinions about reality

Question 15

collectivism

Answer 15

emphasizes group standards

Question 16

individualism

Answer 16

emphasizes an independent self

Question 17

Stanley Milgram

Answer 17

Shock study:

• 65% went all the way
• women obeyed at similar rates to men

Question 18

obedience is highest when

Answer 18

• person giving orders is nearby and perceived as legit authority
• authority is supported by a powerful institution
• victim is in another room
• no other “teachers” disobeyed

Question 19

social facilitation

Answer 19

what we do well, we do better when ppl are watching

what we are bad at, we do worse when ppl are watching

Question 20

social loafing

Answer 20

put less effort when in a group

Question 21

deindividuation

Answer 21

losing self awareness/ self restraint, when in a group

Question 22

group polarization

Answer 22

beliefs and attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them w like-minded others

Question 23

groupthink

Answer 23

when the desire for harmony in group decision-making overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Question 24

prejudice

Answer 24

unjustifiably NEGATIVE ATTITUDE toward a group and its members

Question 25

The three ingredients to prejudice

Answer 25

1. negative emotions 2. stereotypes 3. predisposition to discriminate

Question 26

discrimination

Answer 26

ACT in negative and unjustifiable was towards members of a group

Question 27

anti gay attitudes are most common among?

Answer 27

men, older adults, and those who are unhappy, unemployed, and less educated.

Question 28

just-world phenomenon

Answer 28

good is rewarded and evil is punished

Question 29

problem with the just-world phenomenon

Answer 29

enables the rich to see their own wealth and the poor's misfortune as just

Question 30

in-group

Answer 30

"us"- people with whom we share a common identity

Question 31

in-group bias

Answer 31

tendency to favor our own group

Question 32

outgroup

Answer 32

"them"- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Question 33

discrimination is triggered more by in-group or out-group?

Answer 33

triggered less by outgrip hostility than by in-group networking and mutual support

Question 34

scapegoat theory

Answer 34

when things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for our negative emotions

Question 35

evidence for the scapegoat theory comes in two forms

Answer 35

1. social trends- economically frustrated ppl often express more prejudice, and during economic downturns, racial prejudice intensifies 2. experiments- temporarily frustrating ppl intensifies their prejudice

Question 36

outgrip homogeneity

Answer 36

uniformity of attitudes, personality, and appearance.

Question 37

other-race effect

Answer 37

tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

Question 38

when does other-race effect emerge?

Answer 38

between 3 and 9 months of age

Question 39

heuristics

Answer 39

mental shortcuts that enable snap judgements

Question 40

availability heuristic

Answer 40

tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind

Question 41

aggression

Answer 41

any physical of verbal behavior intended to harm someone

Question 42

Biology influences aggression in 3 ways

Answer 42

genetic, neural, and biochemical

Question 43

People with low _____ gene expression tend to behavior aggressively.

Answer 43

MAOA

Question 44

Which chromosome is a good indicator of aggressive behavior?

Answer 44

The Y chromosome

Question 45

in the frontal lobes are damaged, inactive, or disconnected...

Answer 45

aggression may be more likely

Question 46

an electrode in the ____ can cause people to be extremely aggressive

Answer 46

amygdala

Question 47

The hormone _____ circulates the bloodstream and influences the neural systems that control aggression

Answer 47

testosterone

Question 48

drug that unleashes aggressive responses to frustration

Answer 48

alcohol

Question 49

alcohol is a disinhibitor

Answer 49

it slows the brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions

Question 50

aversive stimuli can

Answer 50

can evoke hostility

Question 51

frustration-aggression principle

Answer 51

frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression

Question 52

social scripts

Answer 52

culturally provided mental files for how to act in certain situations

Question 53

violent video game playing predicts

Answer 53

physical violence over time

Question 54

prosocial behavior

Answer 54

behavior that intends to help or benefit someone

Question 55

friendship's most powerful predictor

Answer 55

proximity

Question 56

mere exposure effect

Answer 56

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them

Question 57

_____ influences first impressions

Answer 57

attractiveness

Question 58

face or body is the better predictor of physical attractiveness?

Answer 58

face

Question 59

reward theory of attraction

Answer 59

we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, including those who are both able an willing to help us achieve our goals

Question 60

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 60

-emotions have two ingredients- physical arousal and cognitive appraisal

Question 61

companionate love

Answer 61

a deep, affectionate attchment

Question 62

passion-facilitating hormones

Answer 62

testosterone, dopamine, adrenaline

Question 63

oxytocin

Answer 63

hormone that supports feelings of calm, trust, and bonding

Question 64

equity

Answer 64

when both partners receive in proportion to what they give

Question 65

altruism

Answer 65

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Question 66

social exchange theory

Answer 66

our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 67

reciprocity norm

Answer 67

we should return help, not harm, to those who have helped us

Question 68

social responsibility norm

Answer 68

expectation that we should help those who need our help even if the costs outweigh the benefits

Question 69

social trap

Answer 69

situation in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 70

mirror image perceptions

Answer 70

mutual views often held by conflicting parties (both view self as ethical and other as evil)

Question 71

superordinate goals

Answer 71

shared goals tat could be achieved only through cooperation

Question 72

Sherif used shared predicament and goals to turn

Answer 72

enemies into friends

Question 73

Charles Osgoof advocated GRIT

Answer 73

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction