Ch. 12 Social Psychology

Question 1

Internal Attributions (dispositional)

Answer 1

personal dispositions, traits, abilities, feelings

Question 2

External Attributions (situational)

Answer 2

situational demands/constraints

Question 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 3

tendency for observers to overestimate impact of personal disposition & underestimate impact of situation

Question 4

Actor/ Observer Difference

Answer 4

tendency to see others’ behavior as internally caused (FAE), but yours as influenced by the situation
ex: car honk situation
1 behavior, 2 people

Question 5

Self-Serving Bias

Answer 5

attributions about our own behavior

• Internal, dispositional attributions for success
• External, situational attributions for failure
• increases self-esteem

Question 6

How does Castro study show FAE?

Answer 6

despite writers being assigned a side, people still attributed choice to an internal factor (dis/liking of Castro)

Question 7

Normative Social Influence

Answer 7

influence resulting from a person’s desires to gain approval or avoid disapproval
- No change in internal belief

Question 8

Informational Social Influence

Answer 8

influence resulting from ones’ willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
-change in internal belief

Question 9

Asch’s Line Study

Answer 9

Normative Social Influence

-subject conforms even tho they know answer is incorrect

Question 10

When are normative and informational social influence most likely to occur?

Answer 10

1. at least 3 people
2. group is unanimous
3. behavior is public
4. feel incompetent or insecure
5. group is high in status/ attractive
6. culture encourages respect for social harmony (collectivistic)
7. when decision is:
   - unimportant: normative
   - important: informational

Question 11

Milgram Disobedience Study

Answer 11

“teacher” shocks “learner”, experimenter prompts to continue, most obeyed

Question 12

When is obedience more likely?

Answer 12

1. authority is present
2. authority is legitimate
3. authority is prestigious
4. victim not present or removed
5. no role models for defiance

Question 13

Critiques of Milgram’s study

Answer 13

unethical, experimenter went off script & treated participants differently, some skeptical whether shocks were real, dichotomous “obeyed” vs. “disobeyed”

Question 14

What did Zimbardo’s prison study show?

Answer 14

they developed role-appropriated attitudes/behaviors

-deindividuation

Question 15

Deindividuation

Answer 15

loss of self awareness & self restraint in group situations that foster anonymity

Question 16

Critiques of prison study?

Answer 16

• unethical
• experimenter pushed guards
• Replication by BBC showed diff. effects (prisoners band together)

Question 17

Prejudice

Answer 17

unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group & members

Question 18

Stereotypes

Answer 18

generalized belied about characteristics of social group

Question 19

Discrimination

Answer 19

differential (negative) treatment toward a group

Question 20

Implicit Measures

Answer 20

measure reaction times & therefore difficult to fake; measures unconscious, unintentional

• not truer attitude, just implicit
• IAT w congruent & incongruent trials
• cultural attitudes/ experiences

Question 21

Roots of Prejudice

Answer 21

1. Categorization
2. Ingroup Bias
3. Just World Phenomenon
4. Dehumanization

Question 22

Ways to reduce prejudice

Answer 22

• Contact must be equal

- Superordinate goals

Question 23

Superordinate Goals

Answer 23

shared goals that require cooperation from everyone (override differences)

Question 24

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Answer 24

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues (ex:speaker attractiveness)

Question 25

Central Route Persuasion

Answer 25

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments & respond w their fav. thoughts

Question 26

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Answer 26

we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) when we feel 2 of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent

Question 27

Foot-in-the-door Technique

Answer 27

people who have 1st agreed to a small request tend to comply later w a larger request

Question 28

Effects of group behavior

Answer 28

1. Social facilitation 2. Social loafing 3. Deindividuation

Question 29

Social facilitation

Answer 29

improved performance on tasks in presence of others

Question 30

Social loafing

Answer 30

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Question 31

Proximity

Answer 31

geographic nearness | friendship's most powerful predictor

Question 32

Mere-Exposure Effect

Answer 32

repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 33

Physical attractiveness

Answer 33

1st impression affected by physical appearance | -we like those who also like us

Question 34

Similarity

Answer 34

we like people who are similar to ourselves

Question 35

Self-disclosure

Answer 35

revealing of intimate details of oneself to others

Question 36

3 Stages of Helping

Answer 36

1. Social-Exchange Theory: behavior is exchange process, maximize benefits & minimize costs 2. Reciprocity Norm: expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them 3. Social-Responsibility Norm: expectation that people will help those needing their help

Question 37

Bystander Effect

Answer 37

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present ( you are more likely to get help when theres no other bystanders around)