Ch 124

Question 1

Health

Answer 1

Is defined by the world health organization as a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

Determinants of health

Answer 2

Are the biological,Behavioral, social, environmental, political, and other factors that influence the health status of individuals and populations.

Question 3

Health Research

Answer 3

Health Research is the investigation of health and disease or any of the factors that contribute to the presence or absence of physical, mental, and social health among individuals, families, communities, nations, will the world population as a whole.

Question 4

Medicine

Answer 4

“is the practice of preventing, diagnosing, and treating health problems in individuals and families.”

Question 5

clinician

Answer 5

medical professional who provides direct care to
patients or clients
“Clinicians include physicians, surgeons, nurses, psychiatrists, physician assistants, midwives, registered dietitians, and other skilled professionals who work in medical settings as well as practitioners in dentistry, clinical psychology, podiatry, physical therapy, occupational therapy, pharmacy, optometry, kinesiology, rehabilitation, and other health-related fields. Clinical practice is contrasted with laboratory work and research that do not involve direct interaction with patients or clients.”

Question 6

Clinical research

Answer 6

“evaluates the best ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat adverse health issues that adversely affect individuals and families. For example, clinical research projects may examine the progression of a disease over time, compare the effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens, or test the safety and utility of new diagnostic tests, medications, or medical devices.”

Question 7

“Clinical research generally uses ——– as the unit of investigation, whereas basic medical research (also called basic science) studies molecules, genes, cells, and other smaller biological components related to human function and health. ”

Answer 7

“Clinical research generally uses humans as the unit of investigation, whereas basic medical research (also called basic science) studies molecules, genes, cells, and other smaller biological components related to human function and health. ”

Excerpt From: Jacobsen, Kathryn H.;. “Introduction to Health Research Methods.” Apple Books.

Question 8

Translational research

Answer 8

“bridges basic research and clinical research by applying scientific discoveries to the improvement of clinical outcomes. The aim of translational medicine is to move research from the bench (the laboratory) to the bedside (clinical care settings).”

Question 9

Population health

Answer 9

“focuses on the health outcomes and the determinants of health in groups of humans. Population health is a function of many factors, including human behaviors, the social and economic environment, the physical environment, access to healthcare services, and many other exposures. ”

Question 10

Public health

Answer 10

“consists of the actions taken to promote health and prevent illnesses, injuries, and early deaths at the population level. Public health practitioners monitor health status in communities, mitigate environmental hazards, provide health education, support community health partnerships, develop public health policies, enforce safety regulations, and ensure access to essential health services.”

Question 11

Population health research

Answer 11

“examines health outcomes at the community, regional, national, and worldwide levels. For example, public health researchers assess population needs and capacities; design, implement, and test population-based health interventions; and evaluate population-based health programs, projects, and policies.”

Question 12

Research

Answer 12

“is the process of systematically and carefully investigating a topic in order to discover new insights about the world. No matter what the goals of a research project are or what methods are used to achieve those goals, the five steps of the research process are the same (Figure 1-1). The first two steps are identifying a study question and selecting a general study approach. These two steps are often completed concurrently, because the approach selected may require the refinement of the study question. After the objectives and the approach are set, the last three steps are designing the study and collecting data, analyzing the data, and reporting the findings. These steps apply to nearly every research project. A research project is not finished until all five steps have been completed.”

Question 13

“The first step in the research process is selecting the ————. This section describes how to select a research question, review the literature, refine the scope of the project, and work with mentors and collaborators.
S
R
D
P
C

Answer 13

“The first step in the research process is selecting the focus of the study. This section describes how to select a research question, review the literature, refine the scope of the project, and work with mentors and collaborators.
Selecting a research question
Reviewing the literature
Defining specific aims
Professional development
Coauthoring”

Question 14

Brainstorming Questions
Interests
Aptitudes
Applications
Mentors

Answer 14

-“What are my interests? What health-related conditions have significantly ”“affected me, my family, my friends, my patients or clients, my community, and/or other populations that I care about?”
-“What knowledge and skills do I already have? What topics am I prepared to study in depth? What methods am I prepared to apply? What methods am I eager to learn?”
-“What studies would help improve health-related practices or policies? What are the gaps in the literature that I can fill?”
-“What are the areas of expertise of my supervisors, professors, and/or other mentors? What source populations and/or data sources might be available to me through professors, supervisors, colleagues, and other personal and professional ”

Question 15

brainstorming

Answer 15

“is the process of generating long lists of spontaneous ideas about possible research questions.”

“This is not the stage for eliminating ideas because they do not appear feasible. The ideas do not yet need to be well formed. The goal of brainstorming is to generate a lengthy list of possible topics. In addition to compiling one’s own ideas, it can be valuable to check with colleagues, practitioners, and friends about their thoughts. Internet searches, journals, and books might reveal gaps in knowledge that are worth exploring. For example, many research articles end with a call for further research on a particular topic.
”

Question 16

“A related process is concept mapping”

Answer 16

“a visual method for listing ideas and then grouping them to reveal relationships. The first step of the mapping process is using brainstorming to generate a list of words or phrases that describe topics that might be integrated into a research question, such as the names of health conditions, population groups of particular interest, and the biological, socioeconomic, environmental, or other potential risk factors for various health outcomes. Next, the related ideas that show up several times on the list and appear to be part of a central theme are identified. Circles and arrows are used to group related topics and to visualize the connections between those groups. After some initial decisions about research topics that might be worth exploring have been made, the process of listing words and phrases and then visually grouping them may be repeated. This concept mapping technique can be useful when selecting and refining a study question. (A similar process can be used as part of qualitative data analysis.)”

Question 17

“A next step toward refining the areas of interest identified through brainstorming and concept mapping is compiling a list of ______ pertaining to the selected research area”

Answer 17

“A next step toward refining the areas of interest identified through brainstorming and concept mapping is compiling a list of keywords pertaining to the selected research area”

Question 18

“A _______is a word, a MeSH term (described in the following paragraph), or a short phrase that can be used in a database search. For example, a person whose brainstorming and concept mapping processes identify an interest in aging might list keywords like osteoporosis, falls, bedsores, physical therapy, calcium, bone density, home safety, rehabilitation, healthy aging, and prevention. A person who identifies an interest in child health in lower-income countries might list words like children, malaria, bednets, Uganda, measles, vaccination, preschool children, malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, and community gardens. These keywords can then be explored as potential study foci within the major area of interest.”

Excerpt From: Jacobsen, Kathryn H.;. “Introduction to Health Research Methods.” Apple Books.

Answer 18

yea

Question 19

“MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)”

Answer 19

“is a vocabulary thesaurus that can be used for searches of MEDLINE and other health science databases.”

Question 20

“An exposure is a”

Answer 20

“personal characteristic, behavior, environmental encounter, or intervention that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition (Figure 2-2). Health research often seeks to determine whether an exposure is risky or protective.”

Question 21

risk factor

Answer 21

“is an exposure that increases an individual’s likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome.”

Question 22

protective factor

Answer 22

“is an exposure that reduces an individual’s likelihood of subsequently experiencing a particular disease or outcome.”

Question 23

“A nonmodifiable risk factor”

Answer 23

“is a risk factor for a disease that cannot be changed through health interventions. For example, age is the leading risk factor for many noncommunicable diseases. Although there are many interventions that can promote healthy aging, there is no way to reduce age.”

Question 24

“A modifiable risk factor is a ”

Answer 24

“risk factor for a disease that can be avoided or mitigated. Identifying modifiable risk factors enables effective preventive interventions to be developed.”

Question 25

“_____ levels of prevention address modifiable risk factors at different stages of disease progression. ”

Answer 25

“Three levels of prevention address modifiable risk factors at different stages of disease progression. ”

Question 26

Primary prevention

Answer 26

“encompasses health behaviors and other protective actions that help keep an adverse health event from occurring in people who do not already have the condition. Examples of primary prevention actions include nutritious diets frequent exercise, adequate sleep, vaccinations, and use of seatbelts and other safety equipment. ”

Question 27

Secondary prevention

Answer 27

“is the detection of health problems in asymptomatic (nonsymptomatic) individuals at an early stage when the conditions have not yet caused significant damage to the body and can be treated more easily. Secondary prevention interventions include cancer screening, blood pressure checks, and routine vision and hearing tests. ”

Question 28

Tertiary prevention

Answer 28

“consists of interventions that reduce impairment, minimize pain and suffering, and prevent death in people with symptomatic health problems. Tertiary prevention interventions include rehabilitation, palliative care, medications, and surgery.”

Question 29

“An outcome is an ”

Answer 29

“an observed event such as the presence of disease in a participant in an observational study or the measured endpoint in an experimental study. ”

Question 30

disease

Answer 30

“defined as the presence of signs or symptoms of poor health (Figure 2-3). Clinically, a disease is a pathophysiological condition ”

Question 31

disorder

Answer 31

“is a functional impairment that may or may not be characterized by measurable structural or physiological changes.” “In the EDP framework“exposure, disease, and population—the term “disease” encompasses diseases, disorders, injuries, and other health conditions and outcomes. ”

Question 32

“The particular outcome of interest associated with a disease might be _____or might be ______ (nonfatal illnesses).”

Answer 32

“The particular outcome of interest associated with a disease might be mortality (deaths) or might be morbidity (nonfatal illnesses).”

Question 33

comorbidity

Answer 33

describes two or more adverse health conditions occurring at the same time. Comorbidities can complicate the management of chronic health disorders, so comorbid conditions are sometimes classified as exposures that affect outcomes associated with the primary disease of interest.) Alternatively, the outcome might be related to quality of life or use of health services.”

Question 34

population

Answer 34

“is a group of individuals, communities, or organizations “a hospital, the clients of a community-based organization, the students attending a school, the employees of a large corporation, the residents living in a town or county, or any other well-defined set of people.”

Question 35

“The keywords compiled after brainstorming and concept mapping often fit into EDP categories. To use a “Mad Libs”–style approach to creating a research question, the final set of keywords are divided into three separate lists: - - -

Answer 35

One for exposures or interventions One for diseases or other outcomes One for specific populations” “For studies examining the links between two different health conditions, one disorder may be classified as an exposure of interest and a second disorder as the outcome. For experimental studies, the intervention being investigated is the exposure.”

Question 36

“These EDPs—exposures, diseases (or other health-related outcomes), and populations—can then be combined to form potential study questions using a standard format of “Is [exposure] related to [disease/outcome] in [population]?” For example:”

Answer 36

Are exercise habits [exposure] related to the risk of bone fractures [disease] in adults with diabetes [population]? Is reproductive history [exposure] related to the risk of stroke [disease] among women living in rural Ontario [population]? Is household wealth [exposure] related to the risk of hospitalization for asthma [disease] in Australian children younger than ”

Question 37

“Evidence-based medicine (EBM)”

Answer 37

“uses the results of rigorous research studies to optimize clinical decision making. EBM starts with a comprehensive literature search about a particular aspect of risk, prevention, diagnosis, therapy, harm, prognosis, or another aspect of clinical care. The most relevant, high-quality reports are then evaluated and synthesized. Key findings are summarized in practice guidelines and other documents that clinicians can use to enhance patient care and improve outcomes. EBM is not intended to depersonalize the practice of medicine. EBM enables skilled clinicians to integrate the best research into their assessments of the most appropriate ways to care for individual patients. ”

Question 38

“A similar process of evidence-based practice

Answer 38

“is used in a variety of fields to encourage experienced professionals to integrate research into their decision-making processes.”

Question 39

“When developing clinical research questions and designing intervention studies that might serve as a foundation for evidence-” based practice, one way to operationalize a research question uses the acronym PICOT:”

Answer 39

P-“What is the Patient (or Population) group and Problem that will be studied? I-What is the Intervention that will be tested? C-What will the intervention be Compared to? O-What is the Outcome of interest? T-What is the Time frame for follow-up?”

Question 40

“The PICOT framework operationalizes the EDPs by requiring researchers to define the main exposure (I), disease/outcome (O), and population (P) that will be examined. The framework also prompts the researcher to begin thinking about who the participants will be (P), where the study participants will be found (S), and when the study will start and end (T). For studies that are not experimental, the I in PICOT can be replaced with an exposure that is not an intentional intervention. For study designs that do not require a comparison group, the C can be ignored. Publications from previous experimen”

Answer 40

“The PICOT framework operationalizes the EDPs by requiring researchers to define the main exposure (I), disease/outcome (O), and population (P) that will be examined. The framework also prompts the researcher to begin thinking about who the participants will be (P), where the study participants will be found (S), and when the study will start and end (T). For studies that are not experimental, the I in PICOT can be replaced with an exposure that is not an intentional intervention. For study designs that do not require a comparison group, the C can be ignored. Publications from previous experimen”

Question 41

“Publications from previous experimental studies can be helpful for refining the PICOT items for a new study. If a previous study showed that an intervention was successful in one population, a new study might test whether the same intervention is successful in a different population. The ICOT can remain the same, with a new P. Examining the impact of the intervention in a different type of patient group or with a different time frame might yield a different result. These types of replication studies can provide valuable insights for practice. Similarly, if the previous trial was unsuccessful, testing that same intervention using a different comparison group or a different outcome might reveal ways in which the intervention is valuable in other circumstances.”

Answer 41

“Publications from previous experimental studies can be helpful for refining the PICOT items for a new study. If a previous study showed that an intervention was successful in one population, a new study might test whether the same intervention is successful in a different population. The ICOT can remain the same, with a new P. Examining the impact of the intervention in a different type of patient group or with a different time frame might yield a different result. These types of replication studies can provide valuable insights for practice. Similarly, if the previous trial was unsuccessful, testing that same intervention using a different comparison group or a different outcome might reveal ways in which the intervention is valuable in other circumstances.”

Question 42

“2.6 From Inquiry to Research”

Answer 42

“2.6 From Inquiry to Research”

Question 43

Inquiry

Answer 43

“is the process of finding answers to questions that arise from personal experiences. Inquiry is grounded in curiosity about a problem or idea. A clinician might ask questions like:” “ How well are my colleagues and I preventing, diagnosing, and treating our patients’ health concerns? How effective are our interventions at improving our clients’ health status? Does this procedure or process generate the intended outcome? What can we do to improve the quality of our services?”

Question 44

“A public health practitioner might ask questions like:”

Answer 44

“What is the overall health status of this population?” “What are the major health concerns in “this population? What are the most common risk factors for illness, injury, disability, and death in this population? What health-related needs in this population are not being addressed? What projects, programs, and policies might improve the health status of this population? Is our health education program effective at improving knowledge, transforming attitudes, and changing behaviors?”

Question 45

“Inquiry on its own is not ______ with research, but inquiry processes can ___ into research projects.”

Answer 45

“Inquiry on its own is not synonymous with research, but inquiry processes can grow into research projects.”

Question 46

Medicine

Answer 46

Is the practice of preventing, diagnosing, and treating health problems in individuals and families. Clinician is a medical professional who provides direct care to patients or clients..

Question 47

2.7 Testable Questions :Testability is the ability

Answer 47

“of a research question to be answered using experiments or other types of measurements. A good research question is one that ends in a question mark and is testable.” “A research project should not be framed in terms of a value statement like “Mental health is important” or “Tobacco use is bad.” Even if these declarations are reframed as questions like “Is mental health important?” or “Is tobacco use bad?,” these questions are not answerable because there is no simple scale for measuring concepts such as importance or badness.” “Does parental tobacco use increase the risk of bronchitis in children attending elementary school?” should be constructed instead.”

Question 48

“Values-based ________ may be relevant ”

Answer 48

“Values-based assertions may be relevant during the early stages of brainstorming about possible research topics, but they should be set aside when selecting EDPs and framing research questions, hypotheses, and theories.”

Question 49

“concepts such as ______ are difficult to quantify. ”

Answer 49

“concepts such as “should” are difficult to quantify. ”

Question 50

“In order to advance science and practice, research findings must be ________ beyond the study population. Consider an example of the___________________, the process of using __________ to improve the quality of education. ”

Answer 50

“In order to advance science and practice, research findings must be generalizable beyond the study population. Consider an example of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL), the process of using systematic investigations to improve the quality of education. ” .

Question 51

“This framing shifts the context of the study from _ to “Here is an _____ that you can use to develop new learning activities for your own classes.” ”

Answer 51

“This framing shifts the context of the study from “I did this activity in my class” to “Here is an effective approach that you can use to develop new learning activities for your own classes.” ”

Question 52

4.1“Refining the Study Question The principle of __ states that research projects should be designed to answer one well-defined research question”

Answer 52

“Refining the Study Question The principle of purposiveness states that research projects should be designed to answer one well-defined research question”

Question 53

“After identifying a ---- research area and conducting a review of the researchers are ready to finalize the selection of one very specific study goal that can be achieved via a series of specific aims or objectives. Before moving forward with designing a study and preparing a research proposal, researchers should take the time to think through the answers to four key questions: -What is the one ___________ that the study will answer? -What s__,__,or _ will enable the key question to be answered? -Would a _____be ____ for guiding the design, analysis, and interpretation of the study and its results?” “Is the proposed study _______? Is there a high likelihood that the _____will be able to answer the study’s main research question?”

Answer 53

“After identifying a preliminary research area and conducting a review of the relevant literature, researchers are ready to finalize the selection of one very specific study goal that can be achieved via a series of specific aims or objectives. Before moving forward with designing a study and preparing a research proposal, researchers should take the time to think through the answers to four key questions: What is the one well-defined research question that the study will answer? What specific aims, objectives, or hypotheses will enable the key question to be answered? Would a conceptual framework be helpful for guiding the design, analysis, and interpretation of the study and its results?” “Is the proposed study feasible? Is there a high likelihood that the research team will be able to answer the study’s main research question?”

Question 54

“4.2 One Study Goal A study goal describes”

Answer 54

“the single overarching objective of a research project or the main question that a research project seeks to answer. ”

Question 55

“A ______ statement for a ___ or ___ ___ ___project usually states the _____, ______ or _______, and/or __ that will be the focus of the study.”

Answer 55

“A goal or objective statement for a clinical or population health research project usually states the exposures, diseases or outcomes, and/or populations that will be the focus of the study.”

Question 56

“FIGURE 4-1 Examples of Types of Study Goals”

Answer 56

“To describe the incidence or prevalence of a particular exposure or disease in one well-defined population” “To assess the perceived health-related needs of a community” “To compare the levels of exposure or disease in two or more populations” “To identify possible risk factors for a particular disease in a population To measure changes in population health status over time To test the effectiveness of a new preventive intervention, diagnostic test, assessment method, therapy, or treatment To evaluate whether an intervention shown to be successful in one population is equally successful in a second population To understand complex phenomena To examine the impact of a program or policy To synthesize or integrate existing knowledge”

Question 57

“As part of the process of focusing and finalizing the study goal, the researcher should be able to answer several critical questions about the context for the study and the justification for the value of the new study, including:”

Answer 57

-“What is the one key question that this study will answer? (For experimental research, what is the one central hypothesis that this study will test?) -What is already known about the research topic? What is the gap or limitation in knowledge that needs to be addressed? -What is the significance of the problem that the study will address? (For example, how severe is the disease of interest and how many people are affected by it?) -What will be innovative about the research project? How will the study resolve the current gap or limitation in knowledge? -What is the likely impact of this research project? If the study is successful, how will it help advance health in relevant populations? The answers to all of these questions are often included in research proposals, so it is important to answer them early in the process of planning a new study.”

Question 58

After the overall study goal has been defined, the researcher should identify several ____ for the study. A ______is a carefully described action that will help the researcher make progress toward achieving the ___. ”

Answer 58

“Several Specific Aims After the overall study goal has been defined, the researcher should identify several specific aims for the study. A specific aim (or specific objective) is a carefully described action that will help the researcher make progress toward achieving the big-picture goal. ”

Question 59

“(The U.S. National Institutes of Health uses the term _______ to describe the ____ _____ of a proposed ___”

Answer 59

“(The U.S. National Institutes of Health uses the term “specific aims” to describe the major components of a proposed study”

Question 60

“the National Science Foundation calls those parts of the study “_______) ”

Answer 60

“the National Science Foundation calls those parts of the study “objectives.”) ”

Question 61

“Most studies in the health sciences have ___ to __specific aims, with ___ the most typical number.”

Answer 61

“Most studies in the health sciences have two to four specific aims, with three the most typical number.”

Question 62

“The enumerated items should take the form of a ____ or a ___ statement that uses an ___ ___, like “_ measure” or “_compare.”

Answer 62

“The enumerated items should take the form of a question or a “to” statement that uses an action verb, like “to measure” or “to compare.”

Question 63

“For observational studies, the ____ ___ must be _____ even if the ____ goal is ______ rather than _______. ”

Answer 63

“For observational studies, the specific aims must be testable even if the overall goal is descriptive rather than explanatory. ”

Question 64

“For ______ studies, the _____ ___may take the form of a series of ______ that will be tested. ”

Answer 64

“For experimental studies, the specific aims may take the form of a series of hypotheses that will be tested. ”

Question 65

“ A hypothesis is an ____ _____ about the likely ____ of a _-_ _____ that can be tested using ___methods.

Answer 65

“ A hypothesis is an informed assumption about the likely outcome of a well-designed investigation that can be tested using scientific methods.

Question 66

“ A typical hypothesis statement uses an _-___-______ format that specifies the _______ manipulated variable (the “_”) and _____responding variable (the “then”) that will be tested.”

Answer 66

“ A typical hypothesis statement uses an if–then–because format that specifies the independent manipulated variable (the “if”) and dependent responding variable (the “then”) that will be tested.”

Question 67

“Hypotheses should be ____ and written in _____, ______ language that allows the aim to be _____no matter what the _____ of the experiment is.”

Answer 67

“Hypotheses should be falsifiable and written in neutral, unbiased language that allows the aim to be achieved no matter what the outcome of the experiment is.”

Question 68

“There are ____ common ways to approach writing ___ _____for research in the health sciences: _____l and _______. ”

Answer 68

“There are two common ways to approach writing specific aims for research in the healthsciences: sequential and independent. ”

Question 69

“When writing sequential objectives, the specific aims are a _____ __ _ ___ that will achieve the ___ goal.

Answer 69

“the specific aims are a chronological list of actions that will achieve the main goal.” “sing a sequential approach, aim 1 lays the foundation for aim 2, aim 2 lays the foundation for aim 3, and aim 3 is critical for the success of aim 4. ”

Question 70

“A fourth article could cite the first three publications and present the results from aim _.”

Answer 70

“A fourth article could cite the first three publications and present the results from aim 4.”

Question 71

“When writing independent objectives, the specific aims are ______but are ______ of one another.” “ If one objective cannot be achieved, it is ____ to successfully complete the other objectives.”

Answer 71

“When writing independent objectives, the specific aims are related but are independent of one another.” “ If one objective cannot be achieved, it is still possible to successfully complete the other objectives.”

Question 72

“With this independent approach, _____ manuscripts could be published about the results related to aim 1, aim 2, and aim 3.

Answer 72

“With this independent approach, separate manuscripts could be published about the results related to aim 1, aim 2, and aim 3. The researcher would not ”

Question 73

“4.4 Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks” “Many research projects benefit from the development of a conceptual model or the selection of a theoretical framework that will ___ __ ____, ______, and _____ of the study.”

Answer 73

“Many research projects benefit from the development of a conceptual model or the selection of a theoretical framework that will inform the design, implementation, and interpretation of the study.”

Question 74

“A conceptual framework is a __ that a researcher ____ using ___ and ___ to illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during a study.”

Answer 74

“A conceptual framework is amodel that a researcher sketches using boxes and arrows to illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during a study.”

Question 75

“For example, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) uses nodes (also called ____, the plural of vertex) and arrows (also called _____) to illustrate hypothesized causal pathways from distal exposures (_____) to proximal exposures (____ _____) to outcomes.”

Answer 75

“For example, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) uses nodes (also called vertices, the plural of vertex) and arrows (also called edges) to illustrate hypothesized causal pathways from distal exposures (determinants) to proximal exposures (immediate outcomes) to outcomes.”

Question 76

Directed means there is at least ___ _____ connecting each ____ in the model to another ____. ”

Answer 76

“Directed means there is at least one arrow connecting each variable in the model to another variable. ”

Question 77

Acyclic means the flows are all ______.

Answer 77

“Acyclic means the flows are all unidirectional. ”

Question 78

“No loops are allowed, because ____ can cause___. ”

Answer 78

“No loops are allowed, because nothing can cause itself. ”

Question 79

“DAGs can also include _____ “and _____representing ____ or _____ factors that might ___ or ___ causal relationships between other variables. ”

Answer 79

“and arrows representing biases or confounding factors that might distort or hide causal relationships between other variables. ”

Question 80

“A theoretical framework is a set of _____ models in the _____ _______that can inform the components and flows of the conceptual framework for a ___research study. Theoretical frameworks are especially common in the nursing, social science, and educational research literature. For example, several popular theories describe the factors that influence individual health beliefs and health behaviors, including the health belief model and the social ecological model.”

Answer 80

“A theoretical framework is a set of established models in the published literature that can inform the components and flows of the conceptual framework for a new research study. Theoretical frameworks are especially common in the nursing, social science, and educational research literature. For example, several popular theories describe the factors that influence individual health beliefs and health behaviors, including the health belief model and the social ecological model.”

Question 81

“The health belief model (HBM) considers _____ _____ _____ to be a function of perceived ______ to an adverse health outcome, perceived ______of the ____ perceived ____ of ____ ____, perceived _____ to change, ___ to action, and self-_____.

Answer 81

“The health belief model (HBM) considers health behavior change to be a function of perceived susceptibility to an adverse health outcome, perceived severity of the disease, perceived benefits of behavior change, perceived barriers to change, cues to action, and self-efficacy.

Question 82

“An ______study drawing ”on the HBM may seek to raise awareness of the ____ ____ for a disease and the _____ of the condition, increase knowledge about the effectiveness of _____ actions related to the disease, or encourage participants to identify and ___ barriers to improved ___ _____.”

Answer 82

““An intervention study drawing on the HBM may seek to raise awareness of the risk factors for a disease and the severity of the condition, increase knowledge about the effectiveness of preventive actions related to the disease, or encourage participants to identify and overcome barriers to improved health practices.” \

Question 83

“The research team will ___ ____ about participant _____, ____ and _____ before the_____, and beliefs and behaviors after the intervention. The analysis will use the components of the HBM to try to understand why the intervention was or was not effective at achieving the desired behavior change in the study population or subgroups within the study population.”

Answer 83

“The research team will collect data about participant demographics, beliefs and behaviors before the intervention, and beliefs and behaviors after the intervention. The analysis will use the components of the HBM to try to understand why the intervention was or was not effective at achieving the desired behavior change in the study population or subgroups within the study population.”

Question 84

“The social ecological model considers____ ______ and _____ _____to be a function of the _____ ____, which includes intrapersonal (______), interpersonal, ____ (organizational), community, and public policy dimensions. An intervention study applying the social ecological model will seek to influence health behaviors by addressing multiple levels of influence, such as individual risk factors, social relationships, and institutional policies. ”

Answer 84

“The social ecological model considers individual health and health behaviors to be a function of the social environment, which includes intrapersonal (individual), interpersonal, institutional (organizational), community, and public policy dimensions. An intervention study applying the social ecological model will seek to influence health behaviors by addressing multiple levels of influence, such as individual risk factors, social relationships, and institutional policies. ”

Question 85

4.5 Feasibility “A feasibility study is an _____ of the _____ that a task can be c____with the ___, ___, ____, and other ____ that are available for the activity. ”

Answer 85

“A feasibility study is an evaluation of the likelihood that a task can be completed with the time, money, technology, and other resources that are available for the activity. ”

Question 86

“Feasibility studies are _____ for making decisions about whether to pursue a research idea. ”

Answer 86

“Feasibility studies are valuable for making decisions about whether to pursue a research idea. ”

Question 87

“the critical questions to askbefore committing to a particular project. The characteristics of a viable research project are also captured by the acronym ____:”

Answer 87

FINER “Feasible Interesting Novel Ethical Relevant”

Question 88

Before moving on to the ___ ____ phase, it is helpful to confirm that the scope of the proposed ____ is ____for the “research team and that the ____ is ____ to be ______.”

Answer 88

“Before moving on to the study design phase, it is helpful to confirm that the scope of the proposed project is manageable for the research team and that the project is likely to be successful.”

Question 89

Purpose and significance

Answer 89

“What will the study contribute? What will be new and noteworthy about the study? Can the importance and necessity of this project be justified? How will the study enhance the body of knowledge in its discipline? Who will benefit from the study besides the researcher?” “How will the study help individuals and/or communities live healthier lives?” -“How might the study contribute to improving health practices and/or policies?”

Question 90

Scope and feasibility

Answer 90

“Is the scope of the intended project reasonable and manageable—neither too broad nor too narrow? Can the proposed study question actually be answered? Can the researcher answer the proposed study question?”

Question 91

Capacity and collaborators

Answer 91

“Does the researcher have the knowledge and skills needed to conduct the study? Does the researcher have access to collaborators who have the expertise needed for the project?”

Question 92

Money and materials

Answer 92

“Are there adequate financial resources to conduct the study?” “Does the researcher have access to equipment, space, and other physical requirements? Given the resources available, can the researcher reasonably expect to conduct a scientifically rigorous and valid study?”

Question 93

Time

Answer 93

“Does the researcher have the time to conduct this study? Does the researcher have the time to make this an excellent study that does not waste health resources?”

Question 94

Population or data

Answer 94

“If the plan is to collect new data from individuals, does the researcher have access to a reasonable source population and an adequate number of participants?” “If the plan is to analyze existing data or to write a review paper, does the researcher have access to a reasonable existing data set and/or to an extensive library collection?”

Question 95

Ethics

Answer 95

“Will the researcher be making good use of the resources available? Has the researcher considered the relevant ethical issues, especially those related to the collection and use of individual-level data? Is the researcher prepared to conduct culturally appropriate and scientifically rigorous research? ” Excerpt From: Jacobsen, Kathryn H.;. “Introduction to Health Research Methods.” Apple Books.

Question 96

Target audience

Answer 96

“Who is likely to be interested in the findings? Is the resulting paper likely to be publishable?”