LEC 1 S9

Question 1

Health: “a state of complete p, m and s well being, and not ……

Answer 1

Health: “a state of complete physical, mental and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”(WHO)-happens because of risk preventive factors

Question 2

What are the Determinants of health?

BBSEPO

Answer 2

the biological🦿, behavioral🙏, social🗣, environmental🌳, political🎩, and other factors that influence the health🫀status of individuals 👤and populations👥🫂

Question 3

What does it mean by determine?👶🏿

Answer 3

-caco( to cause affect or control)🍆 -to give direction or tendency to 👮🏻‍♂️ To impel (force)🥷🏿

Question 4

What is health research ?🤔

Answer 4

the investigation🕵️‍♂️ of health⚕️ and disease🦠 or any of the factors that contribute to the presence or absence of physical, mental, and social health among individuals, families, communities, nations, or the world population

Question 5

What are the 3 Types of health research?

Answer 5

Clinical research 🧐 🔬 Population health research 👩‍💻🧑‍💻👨‍💻 Biological 🧫(basic medical research)👨‍🔬

Question 6

Define clinical research 🧐

Answer 6

evaluates the best ways to prevent🤰🍻, diagnose📝, and treat 🍪adverse health issues that adversely affect individuals and families

Question 7

What is medicine?

Answer 7

The practice of preventing🤰🍻,diagnosing📝, and treating 🍪health problems and individuals and families

Question 8

What are the 2 pieces of focus during Population health research?

Answer 8

1. Health outcomes 🤔🫀
2. Determinant of health in groups of humans (population)

Question 9

What is public health?

Answer 9

The actions taken to -promote health 🚀❤️ -prevent illnesses❌🤒 and injuries ❌🤕 and early deaths at the population level 👶🏿🪦👶🏼

Question 10

Define Biological (basic medical) medical research

Answer 10

Looks at changes at human CELLULAR 🧫level that can be related to the health outcomes

Question 11

Explain research🐥

Answer 11

The process of systemically and carefully investigating a subject in order to discover new insights about the world

Question 12

Explain research🐥

Answer 12

The process of systemically and carefully investigating a subject in order to discover new insights about the world

Question 13

What are the five steps of research?

S💡

S📝or👩‍💻

D👩‍🎨📀

A📊

R🦖

Answer 13

1. Identify a study question 💡 2. Select a general study approach 📝or👩‍💻 3. Design the study👩‍🎨 and collect data 📀 4. Analyze data 5. Write and share a report about the findings 🦖

Question 14

Can everyone do meaningful health research? 👯‍♂️And how is the best way to learn about health research

Answer 14

Yes 🙀 the best way is to do REAL research 😱

Question 15

A more comprehensive research process

Answer 15

[Ryan]Research Question🧐

[Goes]Generate hypothesis ( identify subjects🐶🐱 and variables🍽) (exposure💀/outcome🤬 🪧association)

[Clubbing]Collect data (measure variables

) [and]Analyze data (describe data) Measure of occurrence/association

[inside]Interpret findings (causation) (Bias, confounding)

[Cums]Communicate (Publish,present) (Report)

Question 16

What is brainstorming ??????

Answer 16

The process of generating long lists of SPONTANEOUS IDEAS 🤷‍♀️👎🤷‍♂️👍💡about RESEARCH 💻

Question 17

3 parts of brainstorming

Answer 17

💻Source: personal experiences( help kar in summer with class), knowledge acquired from course work (studying for this class), clinical (kar working with dr knan) or public health (me working w Nancy at pharmacy), and informal readings of subjects of interest (mike read ego book since he likes angel)

🪟Clear, practical and focused: who what where when why and how often

Goal🥅: understanding the issue☝️, needs🍽 assessment, program evaluations‼️ ,clinical 📚effectiveness studies, and other types of health related research 🔴🔴🔴

Question 18

Concept mapping

Answer 18

Visual 👀listing of ideas 📝and grouping them 🙆‍♀️🙆‍♂️to reveal relationships 👩‍❤️‍👨

Question 19

Concept mapping continued..

Answer 19

🧟‍♂️🧠🧠🧠Brainstorms to generate a list of words or phrases

Question 20

What does concept mapping use;?

Answer 20

Uses circles⭕️ and arrows 🔀 to group related👯‍♂️ topics and to visualize 👀the connections between them 👬

Question 21

How does a concept map look like?

Answer 21

Question 22

You should focus the question on ?

🌋:👲🏾🚬💨📝

O:🦠🔚

P:🌚🌝

Answer 22

🌋Exposure:

• a personal characteristic 👲🏾 brown like volcano and broke smelly Indian
• behaviour[🚬 like volcano] (smoking), -environmental encounter volcano creates, -intervention (treatment) [develop plan📝 to get rid of houses near volcano so that people have lower chance of developing health conditions]that might change the likelihood of developing a health condition 🧗⛰🚵

Outcome: an observed event such as the presence of disease in a participant🚵 in an observational study or the measure endpoint in an experimental study[once he climbs to top of mountain gets asma at the end of his destination🧗]

Population: a group of individuals, communities, or organizations with identifiable similar 🌚🌝x characteristics

Question 23

Population: a group of ___, ___, or __with identifiable ___ x characteristics ___________ living in Northern Ontario _______ with an epidemiology PhD program in Germany Individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in London in 2021 ___________ in Canadian hospitals due to hip fracture Sub-Saharan African _______ There are particular characteristics in these groups that (possibly) make them susceptible to an exposure

Answer 23

Population: a group of individuals, communities, or organizations with identifiable similar x characteristics Indigenous populations living in Northern Ontario Universities with an epidemiology PhD program in Germany Individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in London in 2021 Older adults (>65) hospitalized in Canadian hospitals due to hip fracture Sub-Saharan African countries There are particular characteristics in these groups that (possibly) make them susceptible to an exposure

Question 24

What is the standard of Health Research?

Answer 24

Picot.

P:

What is the Patient (or Population) group and Problem that will be studied?🏃🗑🦝🏟

I:

What is the Intervention that will be tested?🔵⚫️📞

C:

What will the intervention be Compared to🏟? What is the Control group?🔴⚫️(controlled by zlatan)

O:

What is the Outcome of interest? 🥅(1-0 inter scores Oscar (outcome)Basso

T:

What is the Timeframe for follow-up? ( when is the next game being won against AC Milan) If thought carefully can generate evidence and used for interventions

Question 25

What makes a Question a Good Research Question?👩‍👧

Answer 25

1. -Real ones, don't use value statements (Antonio a real one) A REAL QUESTION Value statements like “mental health is important” or “tobacco use is bad” are not useful for framing research projects -Don't use predetermined call to action, don't use the word should. A research plan should not be formulated based on predetermined call to action like people should exercise more” or “first aid should be a mandatory part of the middle school curriculum” 2. (Testicles) Testable Can be answered using currently developed health research methods 3. (Genetilias) Generalizable Research findings must be applicable to beyond the study population, in order to advance science ( (Pees) 4.Purposeful Designed to answer one well-defined and specific research question

Question 26

Refining the Study Questions Four key questions:

Answer 26

What is the 1️⃣one well-defined 👏research question that the study will answer? What specific aims🎯, objectives🥅, or hypotheses🤔💭 will enable the key question to be answered? Would a con🇫🇷ceptual framework 🖼be helpful👍 for guiding the design👩‍🎨 analysis📊, and interpretation 🔵⚫️of the study and its results? Is the proposed study feasible(Kim possible👧)? Is there a high likelihood that the research team will be able to answer the study’s main research question? Now that you have refined your research question the next step is defining research study goals

Question 27

What is a study goal?

Answer 27

The SINGLE 😢overarching objective 🥅of a research project or the main question that a research project seeks to answer General examples: To describe the incidence or prevalence exposure or disease in defined popualtion To asses the perceived health-related needs of a community To compare the levels of exposure or disease in two or more populations To identify possible risk factors for a particular disease in a populaiton To measure changes in population health status over time To rest the effectiveness of a new preventive intervention, diagnostic test, assessment method therapy, or treatment To evaluate whether an intervention shown to be successful in one population is equally successful in a second population To understand complex phenomena To examine the impact of a program or policy To synthesize or integrate existing knowledge

Question 28

What are the 5 things you should consider in conceptualization of the Study Goal Consider

Answer 28

1. What is the ONE1️⃣key 🔑question that this study will answer? 2. What is ALREADY KNOWN 🦖about the research topic? What is the GAP or limitation 💔in knowledge that needs to be addressed? 3. What is the 🪧SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM that the study will address? What will be 🤥innovative about the research project? How will the study resolve the current gap or limitation in knowledge? 4.What is the likely 🔫impact of this research project? If the study is successful, how will it help ADVANCE HEALTH🚀❤️ in relevant populations?

Question 29

What are Specific Objectives?

Answer 29

Carefully described ACTION that will help the researcher make progress toward achieving the big-picture goal🤳📸🥅 Most studies in the health sciences have two✌️ to four🍀specific aims🎯, with three🥉 the most typical number ( that’s why they got a medal) The enumerated items should take the form of a question or a “to” statement that uses an action verb, like “to measure” or “to compare”2️⃣ For experimental studies, the specific aims may take the form of hypotheses that will be tested

Question 30

What is the difference between sequential and independent objectives

Answer 30

Sequential:(sequence) chronological lists of actions that will achieve the main goal 🦧🦍🐵💁🏿‍♂️🔒 Independent: related👨‍👩‍👦‍👦 but independent objectives🏌🏻‍♂️⛹🏻. When one objective is not achieved, it will not prevent successfully completion of the other objectives

Question 31

What is A good specific objective (aim)🤓

Answer 31

A good specific objective (aim) The characteristic of a good specific objective can be summarized using the acronym SMART 🔎Specific🔍, Measurable📏, Attainable (Achievable)🏋🏿‍♀️🥇, Relevant (or Realistic)⛪️, Timely⏳ (or Time-Bound)

Question 32

Theoretical framework

Answer 32

: a set of established models in the the published literature that can inform the components and flows of the conceptual framework for a new research study

Question 33

We use models in health research

Answer 33

1-As a guide for ANALYSIS 🧐 2-To 🌎EXPLORE determinant/health relationships in a systematic manner 🤸‍♂️ 3--To 🔍IDENTIFY ‘modifiable’ factors for intervention🏥 4To 🐙ORGANIZE our thoughts

Question 34

Lalonde’s MODEL health care look beyond \_\_**-**\_\_\_\_\_ health care system PHF: HB, E, L, HCO

Answer 34

suggests that the health field should look beyond bio-medical health care system. Proposed health field= Human Biology, Environment, Lifestyle, Health care organization

Question 35

Evan and Stoddart Model

Answer 35

Question 36

Eco-social model/the bigger picture

Answer 36

Question 37

Conceptual Model

Answer 37

uses box and arrows to identify relationships

Question 38

Take awayssss

Answer 38