Ch. 13 Powerpoint

Question 1

Neural Integration

Answer 1

spinal neurons recieve input from multiple sources, integrate it, and execute the appropriate output

Question 2

where does the spinal cord start

Answer 2

foramen magnum of the skull

Question 3

What are the two areas of enlargement in the spinal cord

Answer 3

Cervical enlargement and lumbrosacral enlargement

Question 4

Cervical enlargement

Answer 4

nerves to upper limb

Question 5

lumbrosacral enlargement

Answer 5

nerves to pelvic and power limbs

Question 6

CSF is found where in the spinal cord

Answer 6

between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater

Question 7

Lumbar puncture

Answer 7

sample of CSF

Question 8

Grey Matter

Answer 8

site of information processing; synaptic integration

Question 9

White matter

Answer 9

carries signals from one part of the CNS to another

Question 10

Posterior horn

Answer 10

carries sensory information to spinal cord

Question 11

lateral horn

Answer 11

contain neurons of sympathetic nervous system

Question 12

anterior horn

Answer 12

carries motor fibers to skeletal muscle

Question 13

Tracts

Answer 13

bundes of axons that course up and down the cord, providing communication between different levels of the CNS (White Matter)

Question 14

Ascending tracts

Answer 14

carry sensory information up the spinal cord

Question 15

descending tracts

Answer 15

carry motor information down the spinal cord

Question 16

endoneurium

Answer 16

surrounds a signle nerve fiber

Question 17

perineurium

Answer 17

wraps around fascicles of nerve fibers

Question 18

epineurium

Answer 18

wraps around entire nerve

Question 19

Schwann Cells

Answer 19

make mylin in the peripheral nervous system

Question 20

Sensory (afferent) nerves

Answer 20

carry sensory info from receptors to CNS

Question 21

Motor (efferent) nerves

Answer 21

carry motor signals from CNS to muscles and glands

Question 22

Mixes Nerves

Answer 22

consists of both afferent and efferent nerves

Question 23

Ganglion

Answer 23

cluster of neurosomas outside of the CNS

Question 24

Poliomyelitis

Answer 24

-caused by poliovirus
- destruction of motor neurons

Symptoms:
-muscle weakness
-muscle pain
-loss of reflexes

*spreads via fecal contamination of water

Question 25

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Answer 25

-destruction of motor neurons -scarring of lateral regions of spinal cord Symptoms: -muscle weakness -difficulty speaking, swallowing, and using hands

Question 26

How many spinal nerves

Answer 26

31

Question 27

Types of Proximal branches

Answer 27

posterior and anterior root

Question 28

Posterior root

Answer 28

sensroy input in to spinal cord

Question 29

anterior root

Answer 29

motor signal out of spinal cord

Question 30

Types of distal branches

Answer 30

anterior ramus, posterior ramus, meningeal branch

Question 31

anterior ramus

Answer 31

-in thoracic region gives rise to intercostal nerve -forms plexuses in other regions

Question 32

posterior ramus

Answer 32

innervates muscles joints and the skin of the back

Question 33

Meningeal Branch

Answer 33

reenters vertebral canal and innervates meninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments

Question 34

Proprioception

Answer 34

brain recieves info about body position and movements form nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and joints

Question 35

Cervical plexus

Answer 35

supplies neck and phrenic nerve to diaphragm

Question 36

Brachial Plexus

Answer 36

supplies upper limb and some shoulder and neck

Question 37

Lumbar Plexus

Answer 37

supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genitalia

Question 38

Sacral Plexus

Answer 38

supplies lower trunk and lower limb

Question 39

Coccygeal Plexus

Answer 39

supplies levator ani, skin over coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament

Question 40

How much do dermatomes overlap

Answer 40

up to 50%

Question 41

you need to anesthetize ------- successive spinal nerves

Answer 41

three

Question 42

reflexes

Answer 42

quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of glands or muscles to stimulation

Question 43

Integrating Center

Answer 43

point of synaptic contact between neurons in grey matter or brainstem

Question 44

Proprioceptors

Answer 44

specialized organs that monitor the position and movement of body parts

Question 45

Muscle Spindles

Answer 45

inform brain of muscle length and body movement to allow it to send commands back to the muscles

Question 46

Stretch Reflex

Answer 46

when a muscle is stretched, it will then contract -helps maintain equilibrium and posture

Question 47

Flexor Reflex

Answer 47

flexing to avoid injury from a dangerous stimuli

Question 48

crossed extension reflex

Answer 48

opposite limb extends during flexor reflex to maintain balance

Question 49

tendon reflex

Answer 49

inhibits muscle from contracting strongly when there is excessive tension on a tendon