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Microbiology > CH 14 innate immune response > Flashcards

CH 14 innate immune response Flashcards

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1
Q

First line of Defense

A

Skin

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2
Q

Specific defenses means…

A

specific organisms or toxins

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3
Q

Innate nonspecific defenses

A

defenses you are born with that fight against any microbes or foreign toxins

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4
Q

Skin

A

Most microbes can not pass through. but may attach to

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5
Q

What CAN pass through skin?

A

Fluke (shistesoma maxoni), or worms

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6
Q

why the skin doesn’t remain inflamed.

when will you become inflamed?

A

because stratum corneum (keratinized) is dead, so when microbes attach nothing happens.
IF cell penetrates skin.

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7
Q

loss of skin complications

A
  1. risk of loss of water. die of dehydration 2. risk of infection. (ex: psudemona exists everywhere).
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8
Q

Significance of keratine

A

antimicrobial protein (suit of armer)

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9
Q

sweat usefulness

A
  1. salty (repels microbes). 2. contain lactic acid (repels microbes)
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10
Q

Normal flora proprionic bacteria

A

found in the pores to produce propionic acid (acne and increase skin PH)

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11
Q

Mucus membrane. Two types

A

where there is no skin. mixture of antimicrobials. 1. viscous (thick and syrupy) 2. prevent microbial attachment

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12
Q

places for mucus membranes

A
  1. eyes, 2. nose. 3, mouth. 4, down south
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13
Q

mucus compromised

A

microbes attach, spread, get sick, die

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14
Q

mucus is viscous and fluid so it must…

A

flow

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15
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus, found underlying mucus membranes

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16
Q

cilia and salt water

A

mucus moved by cilia and slides on salt water

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17
Q

mucus without salt water

A

mucus stagnant and potentially penetrated open to infection

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18
Q

why proliferation of infection between Nov and Mar?

A

cold air dries the salty mucus membranes exposing for infection

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19
Q

how effective are mucus membranes

A

when healthy as effective as skin

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20
Q

direction of mucus movement

A

in nose to back of throat (nasolacrimal duct) to the stomach (swallowed) to be demolished by HCL-

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21
Q

mucus membranes contain what 3 types of defenses

A

mucus contains lysozyme (tears and saliva) and peroxydase and immunoglobulants

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22
Q

Lysozyme

A

found in tears and saliva destroys peptidoglycame (only antibacteria)

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23
Q

peroxidase

A

breakdown hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen radicals that are toxic to microbes

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24
Q

lithoferon

A

reduce iron (bacteria require iron such as in sheep blood agar plate)

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25
Antimicrobial proteins (5 types)
1. interferon 2. complement 3. defensins 4. interleukens 5. variety of other chemicals produced by cells to reduce infection
26
cell infected with virus releases what?
release interferon (also during cancer)
27
interferon
shut down protein synthesis in nearby cells (antiviral and anti cancerous) all cells specifically WBC.
28
human interfereon
rx of viral infections ( ex: hep B ) or cancers. but never enough.
29
Complement what? Produces? Circulates?
antimicrobial protein working with antibodies produced by liver and circulated in human blood. 20 different proteins called "complement"
30
Interleukins
white blood cell released chemicals ...ex. chemokines
31
chemokines
chemical that causes another WBC (ex macrophage) to move
32
colony stimulating factors (CSF)
chemical msgrs. cells release this with msg to stem cell of bone marrow "produce more WBC of type needed" ex. bacterial infection, CSF tells bone marrow to increase nuetrofils (antibiotic).
33
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
interleukin. anti-cancerous chemical. first response to cancer. necrosis = death, death through apoptosis
34
apoptosis
enzymes that activate "death genes" of cell -> cell dies
35
why develop tumor?
because TNF cant keep pace with tumor development
36
would increase in TNF decrease cancer?
maybe, but cancer may "disobey" gene. with anarchy cancer cells may not "listen to" apoptosis
37
adhesion molecule
prompt binding of cells to prevent infection
38
pattern recognition receptors
molecules on surfae of cell, ID particular foreign things (ex: LPS lipopolysacaride g- protein, or flagella) and elicits change in physiology
39
Interleukin 1
endogenous pyrogen protein (raises internal temp) fevor to kill microbe
40
inflamation
direct result of hypermia
41
hyperemia
degranulate basofils (release histamine -> vasodilator). enlarge b. vessels ^ b. flow.
42
signs of inflamation (hyperemia)
1. redness (^ blood flow) "rubor" 2. "tumor" swelling 3. "calor" warm 4. "Dolor" pain.
43
"calor"/warming is important bc...
increases enzyme rxns
44
complications with "tumor" swelling
"dolor"/pain. take antiinflamitory/antihistamine/fever reducer drugs but inhibits body ability to defeat infection/ take longer to get well
45
Phagocytes in body... in brain...
cell that engulfs something (foreign or not) Body: 1. Macrophages 2. dendritic cells 3. neutrofils 4. kupffer cells 5. others Brain: microglia
46
how Phagocytes work
broken to molecular makeup and deactivated. (ex: break down protein to make amino acids and use amino acids for own DNA. reduce, reuse, recycle)
47
Steps of Fever
phagocytes (ex: macrophage) injests foreign object release chemical called "Interleukin 1" ( cool down. during flu alternate between hot and cold.
48
Why need Fever
1. increase rate of enzyme rxns 2. bacterias and living things have preference of temp (37C or 98.6F) 3. makes environment bacteria dont like
49
problem with fever
fever hurts (takes antipyretic/ tylonol/ asprin) prolong period of illness
50
Normal Flora
Natural defenses against microbes. babies born w/o this, but begin to accumulates
51
benefits of normal flora
1, competition for resources (good germs vs bad germs) | 2. good germs make acid as waste which prevents bad germs
52
If kill off or lack normal flora
1. purge 2. bad germs proliferate. 3 digestive system irregularity
53
problems with Linkomycin
antibacterial drug, but kills off good bacteria. causes fireworks and upset stomach
54
Clostridium Difsists
can kill and is problematic due to antibacterial drugs killing off good germs
55
Fecal transplant
take fecal of one person and transplant to another which provides others with momentary normal flora
56
Leukocytes
WBC.
57
blood
55% Plasma 45% cells
58
WBC
born in bone marrow, transported by blood (sterilized) to body tissues to "do work son" Cellular agents of Immune system, nonspecific/specific. 1. neutrophils. 2. eosinophiles. 3. basophiles 4. monocytes
59
neutrofils
1. 60% of WBC 2. first to arrive (eat anything) 3. release antimicrobial chemicals 4. in blood and lymphatic system
60
Eosinophils
1. 2% of WBC in blood 2. Phagocytic 3. anti-parasitic (resist worm infection) 4. antiallerginic
61
lymphocyte/drop of blood
5-10K/drop of blood
62
WBC differential count
(blood in transit, not in body)60% nuetrophils expected. if 85% indicates infections
63
granulocytes
have granuoles in cytoplasme 1. nuetrophiles 2. basophiles 3. eosinophiles
64
basophiles
1. release histamine (vasodilation) 2. one% of WBC 3. release heparine (anti coagulant) 4. release leukotrienes (inflamation)
65
too much histamine release
1. too much vasodilation, blood pressure plummets. 2. anaphalptic rxns (cant breath) (ex : bee sting) means : "ALLERGIC to this"
66
Monocytes
1. born in bone marrow. 2. use blood as transport and live in tissues. 3, transform from blood monocytes to tissue MACROPHAGES. 4. 8-12% WBC in blood. 5. first line of defenses (eats all things! dead or living)
67
types of macrophages
1. Kupffer cells ( in liver) 2. Microglia (brain) 3. lungs (albular m.) 4. lymph nodes and fluid
68
how macrophage is associated to TB
Macrophage eat TB bacteria, 2. cant digest. 3. TB reproduces. 4. lyse cell. 5. spreads
69
Lymphocytes
1. 20% of WBC. 2. have T, B and NK

Microbiology (6 decks)

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