Ch 15

Question 0

lowering the surface of continent by weathering, mass wasting, and erosion. Disintegration wearing away and removal of rock material.

Answer 0

Denudation

Question 1

The destiny of weathering

Answer 1

Carrying away by Erosion

Question 2

Breaking down of rock into smaller components by atmosphere and biotic changes
Mechanical
Biological
Chemical

Answer 2

Weathering

Question 3

Short distance down slope movement of broken rock material under influence of gravity.

Answer 3

Mass wasting

Question 4

Extensive/distant removal, transportation deposition of fragmented rocks

Answer 4

Erosion

Question 5

Weathering and mass wasting work together to ““they fragment the bedrock while weathering reduces the large rock into smaller more numerous units.

Answer 5

Shape the earths surface

Question 6

The downslope movement of Rock materials that happens in two ways

1. An open scar may be left in the surface that was vacated
2. An accumulation of debris deposited somewhere downslope from the scar

Answer 6

Mass wasting

Question 7

Types of weathering which occurs where the lithosphere and atmosphere meet

Answer 7

Mechanical

Chemical

Question 8

Microscopic openings

Joints/faults/lava vesicles/solution cavities

Answer 8

Openings in rocks

Question 9

Cracks from stress

Answer 9

Joints

Question 10

Breaks in bedrock displacement

Answer 10

Faults

Question 11

Small Holes

Answer 11

Lava vesicles

Question 12

Holes in calcareous rocks

Answer 12

Solution cavities

Question 13

Where they are numerous, they are arranged in sets each comprising a series of approximately parallel fractures

Answer 13

Joints

Question 14

Two prominent sets of these intersect almost at right angles,

Answer 14

Joint system

Question 15

Large joints or joint sets that extend for long distances and through a considerable thickness of rocks (functions as plain weakness)

Answer 15

Master joints

Question 16

Physical disintegration of rock but no change in chemical composition / increases the surface area of chemical weathering

Answer 16

Mechanical weathering

Question 17

Frozen water expands in wedges and breaks rock

Answer 17

Frost wedging

Question 18

Frost wedging
Salt wedging
Exfoliation

Answer 18

Mechanical weathering

Question 19

Less intense than frost. Growth of “ crystals in rock openings-granular disintegration. Pries open rocks grain by grain. Breaks snow.

Answer 19

Salt wedging

Question 20

Day to night (diurnal) changes. Winter to summer. (Seasonal) changes. Expansion when heated and contraction when cooled. Weakens coherence and breaks. Effective on high elevation mountains. Fires as well.

Answer 20

Temperature changes

Question 21

Curved layers peel off bedrock. -curved and concentric sets of joints&raquo_space; unloading and pressure release. Shells break away in succession like onion. Mainly in granite and related intrusive igneous rock.

Answer 21

Exfoliation

Question 22

Caused by atmospheric and biotic agents. Decomposition of rock by chemical alteration of its minerals. -enhanced by mechanical. Weakens coherence and loose particles.

Answer 22

Chemical weathering

Question 23

High rates in warm moist environments like the wet tropics

Low rates in cold lands and deserts

Answer 23

Chemical weathering

Question 24

Oxidation Carbonation Hydrolysis

Answer 24

Types of chemical weathering

Question 25

When oxygen dissolved in water comes Ono contact w: certain rock minerals the oxygen atoms combine w/atoms of various metallic elements making up the minerals in the rock and form new products. -iron oxide. RUST

Answer 25

Oxidation

Question 26

Reaction between carbon dioxide in water and carbonate rocks "limestone" to produce soluble product that can be reduced by runoff or percolation. Ex. Rockfall

Answer 26

Carbonation

Question 27

Chemical union of water w/another form of substance To produce new compound. Softer/weaker

Answer 27

Hydrolysis

Question 28

Root penetration Organic acid Gopher Burrowing animals

Answer 28

Biological weathering

Question 29

Influenced by downslope steepness, gravity, angle of repose. Accumulation of weathered material. An facilitators.

Answer 29

Mass wasting

Question 30

Steepest angle without downslope transfer

Answer 30

Angle of repose

Question 31

Soil regolith fragmented rock added. undoes balance and friction causing things to go down faster. is called

Answer 31

Accumulation if weathered material

Question 32

Water and clay | Increase mobility and fluidity of an object up slope, calles

Answer 32

Facilitators

Question 33

``` Landslide Slope failure Heavy rains add weight Earthquake Geological weakness (jointing) Rapid downslope movement Large rigid mass (no fluid flow) of weathered rock ```

Answer 33

Slides

Question 34

Slope failure as well. | Weathers debris rotates. Water saturation overland. (Concave.)

Answer 34

Slump

Question 35

Weathering to "" to ""

Answer 35

Mass wasting and erosion

Question 36

Fully water saturated weathered debris w/high clay fraction soil. Important catalyst

Answer 36

Flow

Question 37

Slowest moving. Can barely see it happening. We never know when it does. Entire slope included. Particle by particle movement under freezing to thawing conditions.

Answer 37

Creep

Question 38

A form of creep. Called soil flows he. Surface becomes saturated and heavy surface sags down slope slowly

Answer 38

Solifluction

Question 39

Big piece of rock

Answer 39

Talus

Question 40

Small piece of rock

Answer 40

Scree

Question 41

Dislodged rocks that become come shaped heaps as they collect in sloping

Answer 41

Talus cones

Question 42

Extremely slow flows of great masses of accumulated talus in rugged mountain areas

Answer 42

Rock glaciers