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Medical Terminology > Ch 15 - Nervous System & Behavioral Health > Flashcards

Ch 15 - Nervous System & Behavioral Health Flashcards

1
Q

brain

A

contained within the cranium

center for coordinating body activities and comprises the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

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2
Q

brainstem

A

contains the pons, medulla oblongata, midbrain
connects to the spinal cord
contains centers that control respiration and HR

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3
Q

cerebrum

A

largest portion of brain
controls skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (temp, pain, touch)
contains centers for hearing and sight
intellect, memory, emotional rxns

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4
Q

ventricles

A

cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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5
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear fluid in ventricles flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord
cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transport nutrients, and clears metabolic waste

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6
Q

cerebellum

A

located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum;

assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles to main balance aka hindbrain

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7
Q

pons

A

means bridge

connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem

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8
Q

medulla oblongata

A

located between the pons and spinal cord

contains centers that control respiration, HR, and muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining BP

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9
Q

midbrain

A

most superior portion of the brainstem

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10
Q

spinal cord

A

passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra

the spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain

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11
Q

meninges

A

three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

dura mater

A

tough outer layer of the meninges

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13
Q

arachnoid

A

delicate middle layer of the meninges

arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers which allows for the subarachnoid space

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14
Q

pia mater

A

thin inner layer of the meninges

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15
Q

combining form of brain

A

encephal/o

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16
Q

combining form of spinal cord

A

myel/o

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17
Q

combining form of nerve root

A

radic/o
radicul/o
rhiz/o

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18
Q

combining form of nerve

A

neur/o

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19
Q

nerve

A

cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another
there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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20
Q

ganglion

A

group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

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21
Q

glia

A

specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue
some cells assist in the secretion of CSF and others assist with phagocytosis.
they do not conduct impulses

PNS contains Schwann cells
CNS contains ependymal cells, astroglia, oligodendroglia, microglia, neuroglia

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22
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system
destroyed neurons in the CNS cannot be replaced

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23
Q

combining form of sensation, sensitivity, feeling

A

esthesi/o

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24
Q

combining form of mind

A

ment/o, psych/o

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25
Q

combining form of one, single

A

mon/o

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26
Q

combining form of speech

A

phas/o

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27
Q

combining form of gray matter

A

poli/o

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28
Q

combining form of four

A

quadr/i

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29
Q

suffix of specialist, physician

A

-iatrist

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30
Q

suffix of treatment, specialty

A

-iatry

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31
Q

suffix of seizure, attack

A

-ictal

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32
Q

suffix of slight paralysis

A

-paresis

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33
Q

cerebellitis

A

inflammation of the cerebellum

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34
Q

cerebral thrombosis

A 
pertaining to the cerebrum
abnormal condition of a clot
blood clot of the brain
onset of symptom may appear from minutes to days after an obstruction of occurs
cause of ischemic stroke
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35
Q

duritis

A

inflammation of the dura mater

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36
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

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37
Q

encephalomalacia

A

softening of the brain

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38
Q

encephalomyeloradiclitis

A

inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, nerve roots

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39
Q

gangliitis

A

inflammation of a ganglion

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40
Q

glioblastoma

A

tumor comprised of developing glia

the most malignant primary tumor of the brain

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41
Q

glioma

A

tumor composed of glia

gliomas can develop from any of the four types of glial cells, or from their developing cells

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42
Q

meningioma

A

tumor of the meninges
usually benign and slow growing
most common tumor originating in the brain and surrounding tissues

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43
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges

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44
Q

meningocele

A

protrusion of the meninges

through a defect in the skill or vertebral arch

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45
Q

meningomyelocele

A

protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord
through a neural arch defect in the vertebral column
aka myelomeningocele

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46
Q

mononeuropathy

A

disease affecting a single nerve

such as carpal tunnel syndrome

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47
Q

neuralgia

A

pain in a nerve

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48
Q

neuritis

A

inflammation of a nerve

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49
Q

neuroarthropathy

A

disease of nerves and joints

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50
Q

neuropathy

A

disease of nerves (peripheral)

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51
Q

polioneuritis

A

inflammation of many nerves

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52
Q

polyneuropathy

A

disease of many nerves

most often occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus
but may also occur as a result of drug therapy, critical illness such as sepsis, carcinoma;

exhibiting symptoms of weakness, distal sensory loss, and burning

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53
Q

radiculitis

A

inflammation of the nerve roots

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54
Q

radiculopathy

A

disease of the nerve roots

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55
Q

rhizomeningomyelitis

A

inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, spinal cord

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56
Q

subdural hematoma

A

pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood

57
Q

hematoma

A

blood tumor

a collection of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel

58
Q

alzheimer disease

A

type of dementia that occurs more frequently after the age of 65, but can begin at any age

the brain shrinks dramatically as nerve cells die and tissues atrophy

the disease is slowly progressive and usually results in profound dementia in 5 to 10 years

prominent feature of AD is the inability to remember the recent past, while distant memories are intact

59
Q

amyotophic lateral sclerosis

A

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles

aka ALS, Lou Gehrigs disease

60
Q

Bell palsy

A

paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve
Cranial nerve VII

sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid; paralysis is usually temporary

61
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

aneurysm in the cerebrum

it is usually asymptomatic until it ruptures, which can be very serious and result in death

62
Q

cerebral embolism

A

an embolus

usually a blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque arising from a distant site

63
Q

cerebral palsy

A

condition characterized lack of muscle control and partial paralysis

caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after

64
Q

ganglionectomy

A

excision of a ganglion

aka gangliectomy

65
Q

neurectomy

A

excision of a nerve

66
Q

neurolysis

A

loosening, separating a nerve

to release it from surrounding tissues

67
Q

neuroplasty

A

surgical repair of nerve

68
Q

neurorrhaphy

A

suturing of a nerve

69
Q

neurotomy

A

incision into a nerve

70
Q

radicotomy, rhizotomy

A

incision into a nerve root

71
Q

dementia

A

cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function

PT have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior

dementia has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging

72
Q

epilepsy

A

recurrent seizures
general term to a group of neurologic disorders
all characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain

73
Q

cerebral angiography

A

record image of the blood vessels of the cerebrum

after an injection of contrast medium

74
Q

CT myelography

A

record image of the spinal cord after an injection of contrast agent into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture

size, shape, position of the spinal cord and nerve roots

aka CAT scan

75
Q

electroencephalogram

A

a record of electrical activity of the brain by electroncephalograph machine

76
Q

electroencephalograph

A

instrument/machine used to record electrical activity of the brain

77
Q

electroencephalography

A

process of recording the electrical activity of the brain

78
Q

aphasia

A

condition of without speaking

loss of impairment of the ability to speak

79
Q

cephalgia

A

pain in the head

headache, migraine, tension headache, cluster headaches account for nearly 90% of all headaches

80
Q

hydrocephalus

A

congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain functions

for infants, hydrocephalus can cause enlargement of the cranium

81
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain

symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage

acute symptoms: dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis

symptoms often develop suddenly

intracerebral hemorrhage, a cause of hemorrhagic stroke
frequently associated with hypertension

82
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

chronic degenerative disease
sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord

signs and symptoms fluctuate over course of disease

more common include fatigue, balance, coordination impairments, numbness, vision problems

83
Q

hydrocephalus

A

congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain function. for infants, hydrocephalus can cause enlargement of the cranium

84
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain. symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage; acute symptoms include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis. symptoms develop suddenly

a cause of hemorrhagic stroke is frequently associated with high BP

85
Q

Parkinson disease

A

chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system

s/s include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity expressionless face, shuffling gait and eventually dementia

usually after age 50

86
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods

87
Q

shingles

A

viral disease that affects peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves

aka herpes zoster

88
Q

stroke

A

interruption of blood supply to the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients

cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes

the parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction

speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees

89
Q

ischemic stroke

A

result of a blocked blood vessel

90
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

result of bleeding

aka cerebrovascular accident CVA or brain attack

91
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

bleeding between the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges (subarachnoid space), caused by a ruptured blood vessel (usually a cerebral aneurysm)

PT may experience intense sudden headache accompanied with nausea vomiting and neck pain

a cause of hemorrhagic stroke

92
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time

symptoms may be similar to a stroke but TIA symptoms are temporary and usually complete recovery

TIAs are warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke

93
Q

dysesthesia

A

painful sensation

94
Q

dysphasia

A

condition of difficulty speaking

95
Q

encephalopathy

A

disease of the brain

96
Q

gliocyte

A

glial cell

97
Q

hemiparesis

A

slight paralysis of the half (R or L side of body)

98
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of the half

stroke is most common

99
Q

hyperesthesia

A

excessive sensitivity to stimuli

100
Q

interictal

A

occurring between seizures or attacks

101
Q

intracerebral

A

pertaining to within the cerebrum

102
Q

monoparesis

A

slight paralysis of one (limb)

103
Q

monoplegia

A

paralysis of one (limb)

104
Q

myelomalacia

A

softening of the spinal cord

105
Q

neuroid

A

resembling a nerve

106
Q

parathesia

A

abnormal sensation such as burning prickling tingling sensation often in the extremities; may be caused by nerve damage or peripheral neuropathy

107
Q

postictal

A

occurring after a seizure or attack

108
Q

preictal

A

occurring before a seizure or attack

109
Q

afferent

A

conveying toward

110
Q

ataxia

A

lack of muscle coordination

111
Q

cognitive

A

pertaining to mental processes of comprehension, judgement, memory, and reason

112
Q

coma

A

state of profound unconsciousness

113
Q

concussion

A

injury to the brain caused by a minor or major head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, possible loss of consciousness

114
Q

convulsion

A

sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during a seizure

115
Q

disorientation

A

state of mental confusion as to time, place, identity

116
Q

dysarthria

A

inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or CNS

-arthria means articulate

117
Q

efferent

A

conveying away from center

118
Q

gait

A

manner or style of walking

119
Q

incoherent

A

unable to express one’s thoughts or ideas in an intelligible manner

120
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis from the waist down caused by lower spinal cord injury

121
Q

seizure

A

sudden abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors

122
Q

shunt

A

tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

123
Q

mild cognitive impairment

A

presence of significant memory difficulty when adjusted for age-related norms. PT usually has difficulty perform activities of daily living

may be an early manifestation of Alzheimer disease or other types of dementia

124
Q

age-associated memory impairment

A

refers to a normal aging processing which speed of mental processing and the performance of tasks decreases, and recent memory and learning are more difficult

verbal intelligence is preserved
not a forerunner of dementia

125
Q

delirium

A

potentially reversible acute disturbance of consciousness with impairment of cognition

a number of conditions can cause delirium by interfering with the brain metabolism

may be caused by drugs, alcohol, systemic infections, head trauma, hypoglycemia, electrolyte imbalances

126
Q

pseudodementia

A

behavioral disorder resembling dementia but is not caused by brain tissue abnormalities

found in mental illness such as major depression, and can be reversible with tx

127
Q

psychosis

A

abnormal condition of the mind

extreme derangement, delusions, hallucinations

128
Q

psychosomatic

A

pertaining to the mind and body

129
Q

anxiety disorder

A

feelings of apprehension, tension, uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger

130
Q

panic attack

A

episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictability, with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, chest pain, depersonalization, paresthesia, fear of dying, loss of mind or control

131
Q

pica

A

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice

may be due to iron deficiency, if so then the condition will disappear after iron therapy

132
Q

schizophrenia

A

any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction, and disorganization and fragmentation of thought perception and emotional reaction

133
Q

somatoform disorders

A

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

134
Q

computed tomography

A

computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images (slices) of tissue. CT imaging is commonly used in the brain, spine, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis

135
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

high strength, computer-controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images (slices) that visualize abnormalities such as swelling, infections, tumors, and herniated disks. in addition to the brain and spine, MRI is also commonly used in the abdomen and throughout the musculoskeletal system

136
Q

positron emission tomography

A

nuclear medicine procedure combining CT and radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs to examine blood flow and metabolic activity

137
Q

evoked potential studies (EP studies)

A

group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli.

visual evoked response VER
auditory evoked response AER
somatosensory evoked response SSER dt stimuli applied to extremities

138
Q

lumbar puncture

A

diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae; performed by many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid

aka spinal tap

139
Q

poliomyelitis

A

inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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