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Patho 1 > ch 18 > Flashcards

ch 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

Most common type of heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease (CHD).

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2
Q

CHD is characterized by?

A

Insufficient oxygen to myocardium.

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3
Q

Sequelae of CHD?

A

Angina, MI, dysrhythmias, heart failure, sudden death.

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4
Q

Known cause of CHD?

A

Atherosclerosis.

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5
Q

Cardiac ischemia causes?

A

Thrombus, vasospasm, endothelial dysfunction.

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6
Q

Other causes of CHD?

A

Microcirculation issues, low perfusion pressure.

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7
Q

Non-modifiable CHD risk factors?

A

Family history, age, gender.

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8
Q

Modifiable CHD risk factors?

A

High lipids, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, inactivity.

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9
Q

How are lipids transported?

A

By apoproteins.

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10
Q

LDL is associated with?

A

Higher atherosclerosis risk.

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11
Q

HDL function?

A

Removes cholesterol from tissues.

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12
Q

Atherosclerotic plaque formation starts with?

A

Endothelial injury.

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13
Q

What happens to vulnerable plaque?

A

Ruptures and forms clots.

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14
Q

Vulnerable plaques have?

A

Large lipid core, thin cap, high stress.

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15
Q

Stable plaques have?

A

Thick cap, more collagen.

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16
Q

What increases plaque vulnerability?

A

Inflammation, lipid core, erosion.

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17
Q

Prevention of plaque rupture?

A

Lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapy.

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18
Q

Ischemia means?

A

Oxygen supply is insufficient.

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19
Q

Rate of coronary perfusion factors?

A

Plaque, thrombosis, vasospasm.

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20
Q

Myocardial workload factors?

A

HR, preload, afterload, contractility.

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21
Q

Chronic coronary syndrome progression?

A

Slow, due to stable plaques.

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22
Q

Acute coronary syndrome?

A

Plaque rupture and thrombosis.

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23
Q

Angina pectoris description?

A

Chest pain from ischemia.

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24
Q

Angina patterns?

A

Stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal).

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25
Does angina cause permanent damage?
No.
26
Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome?
ECG, biomarkers.
27
Signs of acute coronary syndrome?
Severe chest pain, nausea, SOB.
28
Atypical ACS symptoms?
Fatigue, back pain, nausea.
29
Biomarkers for ACS?
Troponin, CK-MB, myoglobin.
30
Treatment for ACS?
Oxygen, analgesics, antiplatelets, reperfusion.
31
Chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy?
Slow heart failure from ischemia.
32
History in chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy?
Angina or MI.
33
Demographic for chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy?
Older adults.
34
Prognosis for chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy?
Poor.
35
Sudden cardiac arrest timing?
Within 1 hour of symptoms.
36
What improves survival in cardiac arrest?
Defibrillators and CPR.
37
Primary cause of cardiac arrest?
Lethal dysrhythmia.
38
Endocardial and valvular damage caused by?
Inflammation, scarring, malformations.
39
Effect of valvular disease?
Alters heart flow, increases workload.
40
Valvular disease common feature?
Murmurs.
41
Rheumatic heart disease follows?
Group A strep infection.
42
Rheumatic damage caused by?
Immune attack on tissues.
43
Rheumatic heart disease demographic?
Children.
44
Rheumatic heart disease symptoms?
Fever, sore throat, joint inflammation.
45
Infective endocarditis cause?
Microbial colonization and inflammation.
46
Common bacteria in endocarditis?
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus.
47
Acute infective endocarditis prognosis?
Poor.
48
High-risk group for infective endocarditis?
IV drug users.
49
Myocardial disease affects?
Heart muscle.
50
Myocarditis type?
Inflammatory.
51
Myocarditis characteristics?
Necrosis and degeneration of myocytes.
52
Myocarditis causes?
Microbes, immune diseases, physical agents.
53
Cardiomyopathy type?
Noninflammatory.
54
Cardiomyopathy characteristics?
Heart muscle disease.
55
Functional classifications of cardiomyopathy?
Dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive.
56
Dilated cardiomyopathy?
Ventricular chamber enlargement and failure.
57
Dilated cardiomyopathy causes?
Alcohol, pregnancy, viruses.
58
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Thickened ventricular muscle.
59
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy symptoms?
Asymptomatic or angina, dyspnea.
60
Restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Stiff, noncompliant ventricles.
61
Restrictive cardiomyopathy associated with?
Amyloidosis.
62
Result of restrictive cardiomyopathy?
Heart failure.
63
Pericardial disease causes?
Infection, trauma, metabolic issues.
64
Pericarditis?
Inflammation of pericardium.
65
Pericarditis symptoms?
Chest pain, fever, friction rub.
66
When does congenital heart disease begin?
At birth.
67
Most common heart disorder in children?
Congenital heart disease.
68
Two processes in congenital heart disease?
Shunting or flow obstruction.
69
Causes of congenital heart disease?
Rubella, teratogens, genetics.
70
Acyanotic defects result in?
Left-to-right shunt.
71
Acyanotic defect examples?
ASD, VSD, PDA, coarctation of aorta.
72
Cyanotic defects result in?
Right-to-left shunt, causing cyanosis.
73
Cyanotic defect examples?
Tetralogy of Fallot, TGA, Truncus arteriosus.

Patho 1 (21 decks)

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