Chapter 9

Question 1

What are the structures of the immune system?

Answer 1

Skin, mucous membranes, mononuclear phagocyte system, lymphoid system.

Question 2

How does bone marrow function in the immune system?

Answer 2

Produces lymphocytes (B, T, NK cells).

Question 3

What do leukocytes do?

Answer 3

Fight infection with chemical mediator help.

Question 4

What are the chemical mediators that aid leukocytes?

Answer 4

Complement, kinins, clotting factors, cytokines, chemokines.

Question 5

What is innate defense?

Answer 5

Non-specific, no prior exposure needed (NK, phagocytes).

Question 6

What is adaptive (acquired) defense?

Answer 6

Specific, memory-based (B & T cells).

Question 7

What is the function of dendritic cells?

Answer 7

Capture and present antigens.

Question 8

What do monocytes become?

Answer 8

Macrophages.

Question 9

What are macrophages?

Answer 9

Phagocytes that secrete cytokines and aid healing.

Question 10

What are the physical and chemical barriers of innate immunity?

Answer 10

Skin, pH, flora, mucus, cilia, secretions.

Question 11

What happens with loss of normal flora?

Answer 11

Allows harmful microbes to grow.

Question 12

Where are mucous membranes located?

Answer 12

Respiratory, GI, urogenital tracts.

Question 13

What is the function of ciliated epithelial cells?

Answer 13

Trap and sweep particles out.

Question 14

What do goblet cells produce?

Answer 14

Mucus.

Question 15

What are natural secretions in innate immunity?

Answer 15

Tears, saliva, mucus, bile, fatty acids.

Question 16

What are the effects of plasma proteins in immunity?

Answer 16

Antimicrobial/antiviral action.

Question 17

Is inflammation an innate or adaptive defense?

Answer 17

Innate.

Question 18

What are the three purposes of inflammation?

Answer 18

Destroy agents, limit spread, repair tissue.

Question 19

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 19

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function.

Question 20

How does inflammation respond to injury?

Answer 20

Localizes, removes agents, repairs tissue.

Question 21

What are the three events of inflammation?

Answer 21

Vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, phagocytosis.

Question 22

What are physical agents of inflammation?

Answer 22

Burns, radiation.

Question 23

What are chemical agents of inflammation?

Answer 23

Acids, corrosives.

Question 24

What are microbial agents of inflammation?

Answer 24

Gram-negative bacteria, pyogenic and intracellular bacteria.

Question 25

How long does acute inflammation last?

Answer 25

Less than 2 weeks.

Question 26

What can chronic inflammation cause?

Answer 26

Scarring or deformity.

Question 27

What is localized inflammation?

Answer 27

Confined to one area.

Question 28

What is systemic inflammation?

Answer 28

Body-wide response: fever, fatigue, etc.

Question 29

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 29

Bone marrow, thymus.

Question 30

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 30

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, Peyer patches.

Question 31

What are the major immune cells?

Answer 31

NK cells, T cells, B cells.

Question 32

What do T helper cells do?

Answer 32

Activate immune cells, help B cells.

Question 33

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 33

Kill infected cells.

Question 34

What do B lymphocytes produce?

Answer 34

Antibodies.

Question 35

How long do B lymphocytes survive?

Answer 35

Months to years.

Question 36

Where is complement made?

Answer 36

Liver, macrophages, neutrophils.

Question 37

What is the complement cascade?

Answer 37

Plasma protein defense system.

Question 38

What is the membrane attack complex?

Answer 38

Forms pores in target cells.

Question 39

Name the two kinins.

Answer 39

Bradykinin, kallidin.

Question 40

What do kinins do?

Answer 40

Vasodilation, pain, permeability.

Question 41

What are the functions of clotting factors?

Answer 41

Stop bleeding, start inflammation.

Question 42

What do cytokines/chemokines do?

Answer 42

Coordinate immune responses.

Question 43

What is the goal of adaptive immunity?

Answer 43

Target and remember invaders.

Question 44

What do B and T cells differentiate?

Answer 44

Self from non-self.

Question 45

What is the role of MHC?

Answer 45

Mark cells as 'self'.

Question 46

How many MHC classes exist?

Answer 46

Three (I, II, III).

Question 47

What regulates cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 47

T cells.

Question 48

What is a T helper cell's marker?

Answer 48

CD4+, MHC II.

Question 49

What is a cytotoxic T cell's marker?

Answer 49

CD8+, MHC I.

Question 50

What provides humoral immunity?

Answer 50

B cells.

Question 51

Function of memory B cells?

Answer 51

Quick response to known antigens.

Question 52

Function of plasma B cells?

Answer 52

Produce antibodies.

Question 53

What is an immunogen?

Answer 53

Triggers immune response.

Question 54

What is an antigen?

Answer 54

Stimulates antibody production.

Question 55

What is an epitope?

Answer 55

Part of antigen that binds immune cells.

Question 56

How many immunoglobulin classes?

Answer 56

Five: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE.

Question 57

Most common immunoglobulin?

Answer 57

IgG.

Question 58

Describe IgM.

Answer 58

First responder, strong activator.

Question 59

Describe IgA.

Answer 59

Found in secretions (tears, saliva).

Question 60

What does IgD do?

Answer 60

Stimulates B cells.

Question 61

What does IgE do?

Answer 61

Allergies, parasite defense.

Question 62

What is the primary immune response?

Answer 62

First antigen exposure (IgM first).

Question 63

What is the secondary immune response?

Answer 63

Faster, stronger (IgG dominates).