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BIOL 1190 > Ch. 19 - Blood > Flashcards

Ch. 19 - Blood Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

55% blood plasma (suspended solutes and platelets)
45% RBC
- coat of WBC and platelets

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3
Q

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

blood cell formation; in red bone marrow of spongy bone

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4
Q

What kind of cells are blood cells formed from?

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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5
Q

What are precursor cells?

A

differentiate into specific blood cells

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6
Q

What are hematopoietic growth factors?

A

HGFs are hormones that regulate differentiation and proliferation of blood stem cells

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7
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

EPO is a hormone produced by kidneys; increases production RBC precursors

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8
Q

What is thrombopoietin?

A

TPO is a hormone from liver; stimulate platelet formation

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9
Q

What are specific cytokines and the 2 families?

A

local hormones that regulate leukocyte development and function; colony-stimulating factors & interleukins

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10
Q

What are functions of specific cytokines?

A
  • stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells in red bone marrow
  • regulate cell activities (i.e. immune responses)
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11
Q

How does an RBC’s form relate to its function?

A

biconcave disk allows increases SA/V ratio; flexible shape for narrow passages

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12
Q

How does an RBC generate ATP?

A

anaerobically; doesn’t use O2 it transports

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13
Q

What does each hemoglobin molecule consist of?

A
  • globin (prot composed of 4 polyp chains)

- 1 heme pigment (containing Fe2+ that combines w O2) attached to each polyp chain

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14
Q

What does each Hb molecule transport?

A
  • can carry 4 O2 molec from lungs to tissue cells
  • 23% of total CO2 waste from tissue cells to lungs
  • nitric oxide which helps regulate BP/vasolidation
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15
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

percentage of blood occupied by RBCs

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16
Q

What is the difference between anemia and polycythemia?

A

A - not enough RBCs or Hb

P - too many RBCs (over 55%); can cause high blood viscosity

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17
Q

How are worn out cells removed?

A

by resident macrophages in spleen and liver; breakdown products are recycled

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18
Q

Why do RBCs have such a short life cycle? (~ 120 days)

A
  • no repair due to lack of organelles

- wear out from bending to fit through capillaries

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19
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

insufficient O2; main stimulus for erythropoiesis

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20
Q

What are some causes of tissue hypoxia?

A
  • high altitude
  • anemia (iron/prot deficiency)
  • RBC prod rate < RBC destruction rate
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21
Q

How do kidneys respond to hypoxia?

A

releases EPO which enhanes development of proerythroblasts into reticulocytes

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22
Q

What does a proerythroblast produce? What does it form into?

A

Hb; forms into reticulocyte when nucleus is ejected

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23
Q

Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence/absence of what?

A

glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens on RBC surface

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24
Q

What antigens and antibodies does type A blood have?

A

A antigen; anti-B antibody

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25
What antigens and antibodies does type B blood have?
B antigen; anti-A antibody
26
What antigens and antibodies does type AB blood have?
A&B antigens; neither antibody
27
What antigens and antibodies does type O blood have?
neither antigen; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
28
Which blood type is considered universal donor? Universal recipient?
type O; type AB
29
What is agglutination?
clumping of blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody rxn
30
In terms of Rh antigens, what does normal plasma contain?
no anti-Rh antibodies
31
What does it mean to be Rh+?
have Rh antigen on RBC surface
32
What will happen is an Rh- person receives blood from Rh+ donor?
anti-Rh antibodies will be formed; dangerous upon 2nd exposure to antigen
33
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
small amount of fetal blood crosses placenta and enters maternal circulation; can cause baby to have anemia
34
What is RhoGAM?
anti-Rh antibodies; given to Rh- mothers
35
Describe the process of erythropoiesis
...
36
Where are WBCs found?
circulating in blood, lymphatic fluid, body tissues (ski, lymph nodes, spleen, lungs)
37
What are the 5 types of WBCs?
monocyte, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte, neutrophil
38
How do WBCs reach site of tissue injury/disease?
1. leave blood via emigration | 2. use chemotaxis (chem attraction) to migrate to site
39
What are the 2 groups of WBCs and which types belong to each group?
Granular - neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil | Agranular - lymphocyte, monocyte
40
What are the 2 WBC groups based on?
absence or presence of granule staining
41
What is hematoxylin and what does it bind to?
basic/+ (blue stain); binds to negatively charged (basophilic) substances e.g. nucleic acids
42
What is eosin and what does it bind to?
acidic/- (red/pink stain); binds to positively charged (acidophilic) substances
43
What are some properties of neutrophils and what do they respond to?
- most abundant type of WBC; recruited first in inflammation | - respond to bacteria
44
How do neutrophils respond to bacteria?
1. phagocytize 2. release lysozymes that destroy/digest bact 3. release defensin proteins 4. release strong oxidants
45
What are some properties of eosinophils and what do they respond to?
release histaminase (catalyzes breakdown of histamine); slows down inflammation caused by basophils; attacks parasites
46
What are some properties of basophils and what do they respond to?
release granules (containing histamine, heparin, serotonin) at infection cites and enhance inflammatory response; respond to allergic rxns
47
What are mast cells?
pro-inflammatory CT cells that release histamine, heparin, proteases
48
What are some properties of lymphocytes and what do they respond to?
move bt tissues, lymph, and blood; only WBC that returns to circulation after fighting infection; respond to viral infection
49
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
B cells, T cells, Natural killer cells
50
What is the function of B cells?
destroy bacteria and toxins; turns into plasma cells that produce antibodies
51
What is the function of T cells?
attack viruses, fungi, cancer cells, transplanted organs, some bact
52
What is the function of Natural killer cells?
attack microbes and some tumor cells; directly kill foreign invaders
53
What are some properties of monocytes and what do they respond to?
become macrophages; similar to neutrophils (phagocytize) take longer to arrive at infection site; respond to fungal/viral infections
54
What does thrombopoietin stimulate?
myeloid stem cells to produce platelets
55
How are dead platelets removed?
by resident macrophages in spleen and liver; life span of 5-9 days
56
How does a myeloid stem cell produce platelets?
MSC --> megakaryoblast --> megakaryocyte that fragment --> each fragment is a platelet
57
What is hemostasis?
sequence of responses that stops bleeding during BV damage; prevents hemorrhage
58
What are the steps of hemostasis?
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood clotting
59
What occurs during a vascular spasm?
- BV damage stimulates reflex contraction (narrowing lumen) - reduces blood flow - only for small BV/arterioles
60
What occurs during platelet plug formation?
a. platelet adhesion b. platelet activation c. platelet aggregation
61
Describe platelet adhesion
platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres from underlying CT of damaged vessel
62
Describe platelet activation
- platelets become activated and grow extensions to attach to one another - platelets release substances that activate neighbouring platelets - cause vasoconstriction
63
Describe platelet aggregation
- activated platelets stick together to form a platelet plug - plug reinforced by fibrin threads formed later during clotting process
64
What occurs during coagulation? (blood clotting)
fibrinogen --> fibrin --> traps platelets/WBCs --> clot *stops vessel leak until CT forms a permanent patch
65
What are the necessary factors for clotting?
Ca2+, enzymes synthesized by hepatic cells, substances released by platelets/damaged T
66
How is fibrin created?
1. Prothombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin (active); Ca2+ necessary for activation 2. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
67
What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting?
traps RBCs and platelets at damage site to form clot; reinforce platelet plug
68
If a clot forms too easily...
can lead to thrombosis
69
If a clot does not form...
will result in hemorrhage

BIOL 1190 (18 decks)

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