Ch. 9 - Joints

Question 1

What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?

Answer 1

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 2

What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?

Answer 2

synarthrosis (immoveable), amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), diarthrosis

Question 3

What are 3 structural types of fibrous joints?

Answer 3

sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes

Question 4

What are 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 4

synchondroses, symphyses

Question 5

What are some features of synovial joints?

Answer 5

• synovial cavity that separates bones
• diarthrosis; considerable movement
• articulating surfaces of bones covered by articular (hyaline) C
• does not bind bones together

Question 6

What are the components of synovial joints?

Answer 6

articular capsules with fibrous membrane and synovial membrane layers

Question 7

What is synovial fluid?

Answer 7

contains interstitial fluid contents and hyaluronic acid

• supplies Ccytes of articular C with O2 and nutrients via diffusion; lubricates joint to reduce friction; contains phagocytes to remove debris and microbes

Question 8

What are accessory ligaments?

Answer 8

not part of synovial cavity; surrounding

Question 9

What are articular discs? (menisci)

Answer 9

pads of fibroC that allow 2 bones of different shapes to fit tightly

Question 10

What are bursae?

Answer 10

fluid filled sacs found outside synovial joints that reduce friction in some joints

*between skin, tendons, muscles, ligaments, bones

Question 11

What are the 5 categories of movement?

Answer 11

gliding, angular, rotation, special movements of mandible, special movements of hands/feet

Question 12

What are the 6 types of angular movements?

Answer 12

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Question 13

What are the 4 special movements of the mandible?

Answer 13

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction

Question 14

What are the 5 special movements of hands/feet?

Answer 14

supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition

Question 15

What are the 5 special movements of hands/feet?

Answer 15

supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition

Question 16

What other body parts have similar movements of the mandible?

Answer 16

shoulder, hyoid, ribs

Question 17

What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

Answer 17

D - standing on heel, toes point up

P - standing on tip toes

Question 18

What is opposition?

Answer 18

movement of thumb to touch fingertips on same hand

Question 19

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Answer 19

planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket

Question 20

What are planar joints?

Answer 20

biaxial or triaxial; allows gliding movement; no change in angles

e.g. intercarpal and intertarsal joints

Question 21

What are hinge joints?

Answer 21

monoaxial; produces flexion and extension

e.g. knee, elbow, knuckles

Question 22

What are pivot joints?

Answer 22

monoaxial; allows rotation around longitudinal axis

e.g. atlanto-axial joint

Question 23

What are condyloid joints?

Answer 23

biaxial; allow flexion/extension or abduction/adduction –> circumduction

e.g. b/t radius and carpals

Question 24

What are saddle joints?

Answer 24

biaxial; circumduction

e.g. carpometacarpal joint of hand

Question 25

What are ball-and-socket joints?

Answer 25

triaxial; circumduction, rotation e.g. shoulder, hip

Question 26

What is the temporomandibular joint formed by?

Answer 26

condylar process of mandible, mandibular fossa, articular tubercle of temporal bone

Question 27

What is the glenohumeral joint?

Answer 27

ball-and-socket; involves glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus

Question 28

What is the elbow joint?

Answer 28

hinge joint; formed by humerus, radius, ulna

Question 29

What is the coxal joint?

Answer 29

ball-and-socket; involves head of femur and acetebulum of hip bone

Question 30

What is the tibiofemural joint?

Answer 30

largest and most complex joint in body; modified hinge joint; between femur, tibia, patella

Question 31

What movements does the TMJ produce?

Answer 31

depression and elevation (hinge): protraction and retraction (planar)

Question 32

What movements does the shoulder joint produce?

Answer 32

circumduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction of arm

Question 33

What movements does the elbow joint produce?

Answer 33

flexion and extension of forearm

Question 34

What movements does the hip joint produce?

Answer 34

circumduction, medial and lateral rotation of thigh

Question 35

What are the 3 joints of the modified hinge in the knee joint?

Answer 35

LATERAL - hinge bt tibia and femur (lat condyle of femur and tibia, lateral meniscus) MEDIAL - hinge bt tibia and femur (med condyle of femur and tibia, med miniscus) PLANAR - gliding bt patella and femur

Question 36

What movements does the knee joint produce?

Answer 36

flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation in flexed position

Question 37

How do fibrous joints hold bones together?

Answer 37

dense CT; synarthroses or amphiarthroses

Question 38

What are sutures?

Answer 38

thin layer of dense irregular tissue that unite bones of skull

Question 39

What are syndesmoses?

Answer 39

S - more CT + distance bt articulating surfaces than suture; united by ligament (amphiarthrosis)

Question 40

What are gomphosis? What kind of fibrous joint is it?

Answer 40

dentoalveolar joints bt teeth and sockets; syndesmosis (synarthrosis so adult teeth do not move!)

Question 41

What is an interosseous membrane?

Answer 41

sheet of dense irregular CT binding neighbouring long bones (amphiarthrosis)

Question 42

How do cartilaginous joints hold bones together?

Answer 42

tightly connected by fibroC or hyaline C; syn or amphi

Question 43

How do synchondroses differ from symphyses?

Answer 43

synC - hyaline; synarthrosis symP - fibrocartilage; amphiarthrosis

Question 44

How do the fibrous and synovial membranes of the articular capsules differ?

Answer 44

F - dense irregular CT; attached to periosteum; joints with ligaments S - inner lining of capsule; areolar CT with elastic fibres; secretes synovial fluid

Question 45

What are bursae composed of?

Answer 45

outer fibrous membrane and inner synovial membrane

Question 46

What are tendon sheaths?

Answer 46

tube-like bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience friction; often found where a tendon passes through tunnels of CT and bone (e.g. wrist; carpal tunnel)

Question 47

Along what planes do angular movements occur at?

Answer 47

sagittal - flexion, extension, hyperE frontal - abduction, adduction

Question 48

How does circumduction differ from rotation?

Answer 48

C - movement of distal end of body part in circle (combo of flex, ext, abd, add) R - when bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis