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Church History > CH. 2 > Flashcards

CH. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the analogy in the pilot?

What does this analogy mean?

A

“Christians is to the world what the soul is to the body”

  • The body hates the soul because the soul places restrictions on its pleasures
  • As the soul benefits from the deprivation of food, drink, and pleasure (FASTING) so too do Christians flourish under persecution
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2
Q

What does Christianity propose?

A

Christianity proposed a radically new vision of human life. Morality demanded believers to make difficult choices concerning their witness to Jesus and on vital issues that affected daily life

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3
Q

What did the early Christians lack that we have?

What did the early Christians take from the Jewish religion?

What changed the ethnic makeup of Christianity?

A

The early Christians did not have the same advantages of knowledge and structure afforded to us in the modern world

Many Christians took from the Jewish beliefs
Passover = eucharist
Pentecost = confirmation
Fasting = fasting readings from OT

After the council of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple, an influx of gentile Christians changed the ethnic makeup of Christianity

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4
Q

What are the origins of Baptism?

A

Jesus baptized by St. John instituted this sacrament

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of baptism with an additional type?

A
  1. Catechumen
  2. Infant Baptism
  3. Baptism of the Blood
    - Emergency Baptism
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6
Q

What is Catechumen?
- What did catechumens have to do before baptism?
- What did this process let them?
- When did the catechumens want to be baptized?

A

Catechumens — the adult baptism means “the instructed” in Greek from the word Kateckhein “to instruct”

  • Catechumen adults seeking admission into the church sought years of instruction before being baptized
  • The lengthy process provided time for them to learn the message of the Gospel and develop a strong faith
  • The catechumens wanted to be baptized at the Easter Vigil (Holy Saturday)
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7
Q

What is infant baptism? What are the benefits of infant baptism?

A

It emerged in the 3rd century and became universal

Benefits:
- removed original sin
- incorporated children into the Mystical Body of Christ
- Christian life was also frail and in danger of persecution, so it would increase Christian admission to the church and save many lives

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8
Q

What is baptism of the blood?

A

those who die for the faith through martyrdom before receiving baptism receive the graces of Baptism

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9
Q

What is emergency baptism?

A
  • Should be administered when the recipient is in danger of death
  • Only sacrament that can be administered by any person —priest, baptized, or non baptized
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10
Q

What does agape mean in Greek?

How did Mass begin and how was it structured?
- What was not fixed in the earliest?
- What was not established?

What did the celebrant pray instead?

What did the consecration hold and where was written down?

A

Agape in Greek means “universal love”

  • Mass began with readings from the Bible, singing of Psalms and Hymns, common prayers, and a collection for the poor. Liturgy of the eucharist was the high point of liturgical celebration
  • In the earliest years, fixed prayers did not exist, such as Haily Mary, Glory be, etc. The Creed was not established yet
  • The celebrant prayed the institution Narrative and Consecration
    The consecration, which holds the actual words of Christ, was written down in the earliest letters of St. Paul (Epistles) in 50 AD
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11
Q

What is the eucharist or thanksgiving?

A

Central act of Christian worship, consists of consuming the Sacrament of Holy Communion or the Body and Blood of Christ

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12
Q

What did early Christians consider about the eucharist?

What happens when the celebrant utters the words of Jesus?

A
  • Early Christians considered Christ was truly present in the Eucharist under the appearance of bread and wine
  • When the celebrant utters the words of Christ in Mass, the power and grace of God make transubstantiation possible

He could make something out of nothing, so he could turn something into something else

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13
Q

Where were the earliest masses celebrated?

A

People gathered together in private homes and catacombs during periods of persecution

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14
Q

What happened after certain churches were allowed to be built?

What was the edict of Milan and what did it entail?

A
  • Certain church were allowed at first until later persecutions destroyed these buildings
  • Edict of Milan (313 AD) — Emperor Constantine began a building program favorable to Christians
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15
Q

When were the days of fasting for the early Christians every week?

Why were these days chosen in particular?

A

For early Christians, Wednesdays and Fridays were days of fasting
- Wednesday: Christ was betrayed
- Friday: Christ suffered and died

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16
Q

When did the Jewish sabbath last?

What was the Jewish sabbath replaced with and why?

What developed throughout the years?

A
  • Jewish Sabbath lasted from Friday sundown to Saturday sundown (7th day of rest)

Replaced with Sunday (also Saturday Vigil) because Jesus’ Resurrection and Pentecost occurred on Sunday
Also convenient for coverage because many pagans also celebrated on Sunday

  • Christian Holidays and Feast days developed throughout the years
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17
Q

What does the “Vicar of Christ” mean?

A
  • The supreme authority of guiding the Church in all church matters from the beginning
  • Important to recognize that the bishop of Rome (Pope) had the responsibility to settle all controversies in the church
18
Q

What did Pope St. Leo I tried to?

Where was Roman political power shifting to?

How did Leo I respond when the patriarch’s power in the east grew?

A
  • tried to centralize church governance and authority in Rome
  • Roman political power was shifting towards the east in Byzantium and Rome’s power and importance was dwindling
  • Pople Leo spoke out that Church councils and bishops should still abide by the Pope before acting in any spiritual matter or decision
19
Q

What is the value of episcopacy?

Why were the bishops held at a high level of importance?

A

Bishops were important because they were:
- Successors to the Apostles
- Responsible for shepherding Christ’s flock

20
Q

What word was priest derived from?

Who are the presbyters?

Why were the priests needed?

A
  • Priest is derived from the Greek word “presbyteros” or presbyters
  • church elders who swore canonical allegiance to the bishops as their subordinates
  • As early as the second century, priests were needed to expand the church and perform certain duties of the bishop, such as offering up the Sacrifice of the Mass
21
Q

What does Christianity being monotheistic mean? How were Christians being monotheistic cause tension in roman society?

A

Christians believed in only the One God. Christians rejected all acts of paganism from sacrifices to acknowledges and teachings.

  • Christian sculptors and painters could no longer work in pagan temples
  • Christian teachers could not teach Roman or Greek Mythology
  • Christians couldn’t serve as judges or magistrates since eventual laws condemned Christians
  • Christians refused to adore emperors or images of emperors as they claimed themselves as gods or demigods
22
Q

What was the Pentateuch?

What books or epistles were universally accepted
What was not universally accepted?

What occurred in the council of Trent in 1546?

A
  • The Pentateuch — the first 5 books of the OT were held to be canonical by Jewish traditions and essential in the history of Christianity

The Gospel of Mattew and Epistles of Paul were universally accepted
- Certain epistles and the book of revelation took more time to accept

Council of Trent in 1546 — the Church made its final definitive statement on the books that made the Bible

23
Q

What did the protestant reformation claim?

What was sola Scriptura?

A

Protestant Reformation claimed Sola Scriptura
- Sola Scriptura: only the Scripture had the authority of teaching and not the establishment of the Church, papacy, other apostolic successions

24
Q

What was the Catholic Church’s response?

What does an apocryphal book mean?
- What are examples of apocryphal books?

A

Catholic Church’s response
- Without the guidance of the Holy Spirit and the works of the Apostles and early Christians, there would be no NT or the completion of the Bible
- These books through the guidance of God and the Church’s authority were carefully considered to be canonical
- noncanonical were apocryphal and not accepted, such as the Gospel of John and Judas

25
Q

What is the proof that Christianity condemned slavery?

How did Jesus’ life condemn slavery?

How was slavery encouraged?

A

The proof that Christianity condemned slavery was Jesus’ life
- Born as a carpenter to a people controlled by the Romans
- Came to serve and was obedient to the Father even unto death

St. Paul only encouraged slavery to Jesus, which is being like his disciple
- In that, while demanding, it ironically frees us from the world

26
Q

What are some examples of slaves rising to high positions? Who are some saints or martyrs that were slaves? When did Christianity somewhat end slavery?

A

Slaves rose to high positions
- Pope St. Linus, Anacletus, and Clement I were former slaves who succeeded Peter afterward
- St. Felicity was a slave of St. Perpetua before both died as martyrs

Christianity somewhat ended slavery in the medieval period

27
Q

What did early Christians forbid? What are some exceptions to the non-violence rule?

What is the just war theory?

What is the thebian legion?

A

Nonviolence is taught and shown by Jesus in the Gospels, his passion, and his death. Early Christian documents forbade violence and participation in the army

Exceptions:
- Just War Theory in which St. Augustine wrote that warfighting would be permitted in case of self-defense. He added that war had to be justified and initiated by sovereign authority, and had to have good reasons/intentions

  • Thebian legion — St. Maurice led this Christian legion of almost 6000, who was murdered when many Christians refused to offer a sacrifice to a pagan god
28
Q

How did Christians adhere to the Roman law?

A

Adherence to the Law
- Christians did not obey Roman laws that went against the teachings of the Church (paganism, sacrifices, undivided loyalty, etc.)
- Christians did obey all other laws that did not go against the teachings of the Church

29
Q

How did early Christians handle money?

A

The Church attended to the physical needs of its servants
- Engaged in many aspects from education, medical care, alms for the poor
- Usury was not allowed

30
Q

What did church fathers and Christians think about abortion, infanticide, contraception?

What did the church fathers teach about procreation within matrimony and why?

A

Church fathers and Christians universally rejected the practice of abortion, infanticide, and contraception
- These practices go against the 5th commandment and reject the dignity of the human

Church fathers taught that procreation within matrimony = good and blessed
- Intrinsic purposes of sexual intercourse
- Prevention of procreation via unnatural means denigrates the act and the participants

31
Q

What did Christianity initially introduce and recognize in the gender relations of the Greco-Roman world?

What status did Christianity raise the family to?

What is the hallmark of the Christian family?

A

Christianity recognized the greatness of women through many prominent figures such as BVM, St. Mary Magdalene, St. Helena, St. Monica

Christianity raised the status of the family to “a domestic church”
- Love and service became hallmark of the Christian family

32
Q

Who are the apostolic fathers?

A
  • Early Christian men who came after the Apostles, some had direct links to the Apostles or their communities were established by the Apostles
  • Early writers of the Church on religious and moral themes through epistles to individual communities
33
Q

Who are famous figures that were apostolic fathers?

A
  • Clement of Rome
  • Ignatius of Antioch
  • Herman
  • Polycarp of Smyrna
  • Papias
34
Q

What is apologetics?

A

Apologetics from the Greek apologia
- Meaning to apologize or come to the defense of
- Apologetics is a branch of theology that defends and explains the Christian religion

35
Q

What are the 4 periods?

A

4 periods — dawn of Christianity to the collapse of the Roman Empire

36
Q

Why did Christianity need Apologists? Which church fathers were apologists?

A

Christianity needed Apologists because it was constantly attacked by both the Jewish and Pagan religions

  • St. Aristides
  • St. Justin Martyr
  • Tatian
  • Athenagoras
  • St. Theophilus
  • Minucius Felix
  • Tertullian
37
Q

How was Christianity attacked by those of both Jewish and pagan religions?

A

Jews claimed Christians as an abomination
Christians claimed Jewish roots but after the council of Jerusalem, Jews claimed Christians were desecrating their religion

Christianity went against many pagan religions/practices which went against official laws, so it was seen as a threat

38
Q

What is the didache?
- What does it mean in greek?
- What was it the doctrine of?
- How many chapters covered what?
- Who and when was it rediscovered?

A
  • Didache means “teaching” in Greek
  • Doctrine of the 12 Apostles and the Lord’s teaching
    -16 chapters that cover Christian moral life, Baptism, fasting, prayer, the Eucharist, doctrines, customs
  • Rediscovered by Philotheos Bryennios in 1873
39
Q

Who was Tertullian?

A
  • Born in Carthage
  • Originally a pagan but then converted to Christianity and became the “Father of Latin Theology”
40
Q

Who was St. Hippolytus? What did he write? What is the Apostolic tradition?

A
  • Writer and church father who wrote against heresies
  • Wrote the Apostolic tradition
  • Describes the passing down of the faith of the Apostles
  • Provides insight into the rites of ordination, Baptism, and the Eucharist
  • The eucharistic prayer is found here, which was published as part of the reforms of the second Vatican council
41
Q

Where does the word “martyr” come from?

Who do martyrs bear witness to?

A
  • Martyr comes from the Greek martyros meaning “witness”
  • Bears witness to Christ as the Way, the Truth, and the Life
42
Q

Why was martyrdom an honor and privilege?

Why were Christians not supposed to seek martyrdom?

A
  • Martyrdom was an honor and privilege as it was a direct participation of the sufferings of Christ
  • The 3 theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity would reach an unparalleled level
  • Christians are not supposed to seek martyrdom

Church History (8 decks)

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