CH. 2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Atoms
matter is composed of atoms, it is the smallest unit into which matter can be divided without the release of electrically charged particles.
Atoms are electrically neutral, (# of protons= # of electrons)
Atomic number
of protons; defines atom
Atomic mass/mass number
of protons and # of neutrons
Ions-
ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge
Isotopes
are atoms of the same element that have different #’s of neutrons
Acid
An acid is a chemical substance that donates a H^+ to a solution,
Base
a base accepts the H^+
Chemical bonds
- Ionic Bond
- Covalent Bond
- Hydrogen Bond
- Van Der Walls
Ionic Bond
- is formed between oppositely charged ions
- in forming an ionic bond, one atom gives up its outermost electrons to another atom
Covalent Bond
are formed when atom share outer shell electron pairs
carbon frequently forms covalent bonds with other atoms
it can be
* non- polar (non equal electrical charges and atoms)
* polar ( equal electrical charges charge and atoms)
Hydrogen bond(four)
Hydrogen bonding is the electrostatic attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to a partially negative polar molecule
• Hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen and other polar atoms like O and N.
• Are weaker than covalent bonds. • Important bonds that form proteins and nucleic acid
Van der Waals
weak interactions between molecules
All living organisms depend on water
Water has several unique properties
Water is polar
Water stabilizes temperature
Water is an excellent solvent
Water is cohesive
Ph(6answers)
The ph of a solution is a measure of its acidity or basicity of liquid solution
anacidisaChemical substance donates H+ to a solution; a base accepts the H+
*Every time the ph changes by 1 unit the h+ ions change by 10 times
*Ph is measured using a litmus paper
*Ph scale ranges from 0-14
Monosaccharides
are sugars like glucose and fructose
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Disaccharides
are composed of two monosaccharides, healed together by glycosidic bond
Polysaccharides
are complex carbohydrates made of many thousands of monosaccharides
Ex.- starch and glycogen
Dehydration synthesis reaction
Lipids/two
*Broad group of nonpolar, hydrophobic compounds
*Lipids are where hormones come from they are also an important constituent of the plasma membrane
Lipids can be saturated and unsaturated
*Triglyceride is a fat molecule consisting of a glycerol and 3 FA tails
*Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids
*Lipids provide insulation for plants and animals
Hydrogenation
*Unsaturated fats can be cis or trans
*During hydrogenation process, the cis-conformation in the hydrocarbon chain may be converted to double bonds in the trans-conformation
*The orientation of the double bonds affects the chemical properties of the fat
Proteins
*Function as transport agents in membrane
*Serve as enzymes
Proteins are polymers of amino acids-
*There are 20 essential amino acids
*Sensitive to temperature and pH
*Easily denature
*Peptide bond is when amino acids are joined together
Protein Structure
*Protein shape is made of ionic and hydrogen bonds
*When disrupted the protein is melted
Nucleic acids
*Nucleotides are
composed of a sugar
molecule, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous
base.
*Are large information-containing polymers
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
are both composed of
nucleotides.
