Ch. 2

Question 1

method of research using past records or data to answer various research questions

Answer 1

archival research

Question 2

reduction in number of participants

Answer 2

attrition

Question 3

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

Answer 3

cause-and-effect relationship

Question 4

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

Answer 4

Case study or research

Question 5

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

Answer 5

Confirmation bias

Question 6

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false
impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the
outside factor causes changes in both variables

Answer 6

Confounding variable

Question 7

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the
results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental
manipulation is the only difference between groups

Answer 7

Control group

Question 8

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable
changes as the other does

Answer 8

correlation

Question 9

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship
between variables, and usually represented by r

Answer 9

correlation coefficient

Question 10

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

Answer 10

cross sectional research

Question 11

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information
about the experiment at its conclusion

Answer 11

de-briefing

Question 12

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

Answer 12

deception

Question 13

results are predicted based on a general premise

Answer 13

deductive reasoning

Question 14

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable
had

Answer 14

dependent variable

Question 15

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group
assignments

Answer 15

double-blind study

Question 16

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of
who is observing

Answer 16

empirical

Question 17

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only
difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to
experimental manipulation rather than chance

Answer 17

experimental group