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CH 2 Flashcards

The cell (100 cards)

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1
Q

Structural Organization of the Human Body

A

Chemical (atom and molecules) level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organismal level

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2
Q

Cell

A

Smallest living unit of life

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3
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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4
Q

What suffix refers to the cell?

A

-cyte

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5
Q

Cellular functions

A
  • Covering
  • Lining
  • Storage
  • Movement
  • Connection
  • Defense
  • Communication
  • Reproduction
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6
Q

Two categorizations of body fluids

A

Intracellular and extracellular

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7
Q

Is cytoplasm intracellular or extracellular?

A

Intracellular

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8
Q

Two examples of extracellular fluid

A

Blood plasma

Interstitial (tissue) fluid

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9
Q

Plasma (cell) membrane function

A

Physical and chemical barrier that acts as a gatekeeper: controls entry and exit of small molecules

Separates internal contents from the external environment

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10
Q

Molecular components of the plasma membrane

A

Lipids (fat)
Protein

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11
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane

A

Communication
Intracellular connection
Physical barrier
Selective permeability

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12
Q

Communication: contains ______ that recognize and respond to chemical signals

A

receptors

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13
Q

Intracellular connection

A

establishes a flexible boundary
protects cellular contents
supports cell contents

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14
Q

Physical barrier: __________________ separates substances inside and outside the cell

A

Phospholipid bilayer

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15
Q

Selective permeability: regulates entry and exit of what through the membrane?

A

ions, nutrients, waste molecules

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16
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is composed of phospholipid molecules. Describe the molecule.

A

Hydrophilic phosphate “head” that faces watery fluid on either side

Hydrophilic fatty acid chain “tail” that turns away from the watery fluid

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17
Q

Two types of integral protein

A

Channels: allow passage of small molecules like sodium, potassium, etc.

Receptors: serve as binding sites for molecules outside the cell

Are embedded within or through the phospholipid bilayer

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18
Q

Two types of peripheral protein

A

Cytoskeleton anchor: fibrous molecule to give shape

Enzyme AKA catalyst: change the rate of reaction

Are attached loosely to the internal or external membrane, often times are attached to integral proteins

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19
Q

Where is cholesterol made in?

A

Liver

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20
Q

Cholesterol function

A

Stability, holds molecules in place

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21
Q

Glycocalyx means what?

A

sugar coating

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22
Q

Glycocalyx function

A

Identity markers to allow cells to recognize each other

Hence only found on the outside

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23
Q

Components of the glycocalyx

A

Glycolipids (carbohydrate and fat)

Glycoproteins (carbohydrate and protein)

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All materials between the plasma membrane and nucleus

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25
3 components of the cytoplasm
Cytosol Inclusions Organelles
26
Two proteins that compose the plasma membrane
Integral and peripheral
27
Cytosol
Viscous fluid that contains many different dissolved substances like nutrient, wastes, gases, ions, carbohydrates, amino acids
28
Inclusions
Substances that are stored temporarily in the cell
29
What are some inclusions?
Melanin Glycogen Triglycerides
30
Melanin
Pigment that offers protection from UV rays Formed by melanocytes Found in cells of epidermis, iris of the eye, hair
31
Organelle
"little organ" Structures with specialized functions to maintain homeostasis of the cell
32
Glycogen
Large stored unit made of glucose Located in liver cells, muscle cells, and lining of uterus
33
Triglycerides
Stored form of fat in form of adipose (fat) cells/ adipocytes
34
How are organelles categorized?
Membrane-bound Non-membrane bound
35
Membrane bound organelles
Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Peroxisomes
36
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Network of intracellular membrane-bound tunnels
37
Cisternae
Enclosed spaces
38
ER functions
Synthesis: provides a place for chemical reactions Transport: move molecules through cisternal spaces from one part of the cell to another, isolated from the cytoplasm Storage: stores newly synthesized molecules Detoxification: smooth ER detoxifies blood and alcohol
39
Smooth ER is a site of ______ synthesis and __________ metabolism
lipid, carbohydrate Also has specialized functions in some cells No ribosomes
40
Rough ER is responsible for producing, storing, and transporting _________
proteins
41
Rough ER is for
secretion plasma membrane lysosomes
42
Golgi apparatus is the "__________" of the cell
post office
43
Golgi apparatus functions
Modification: modifies new proteins for lysosomes, secretion, and plasma membrane Packaging: packs enzymes for lysosomes and proteins for secretion
44
Protein flow through the golgi apparatus (GA)
1) RER proteins in transport vesicle 2) Vesicle from RER moves to GA 3) Vesicle fuses with GA receiving region 4) Proteins are modified as it moves through the GA 5) Modified proteins are packaged in the shipping region 6) Vesicles become either become a) lysosomes, b) secretory vesicles that go through exocytosis, c) plasma membrane
45
Lysosomes
Membranous sacs formed by the golgi apparatus
46
Autophagy
Process by which lysosomes contain enzymes that digest bacteria, toxins, dead cells, and damaged organelles within the host cell
47
Autolysis
Process by which lysosomes release enzymes that digest the cell when the host cell is dying
48
Function of lysosomes
Digestion: digests all materials that enter the cell by endocytosis Removal: removes worn out or damaged organelles and cellular components (autophagy); recycles small molecules for resynthesis Self destruction: digest the remains (autolysis) after cellular death
49
Peroxisome function
Detoxifies harmful molecules taken in the cell (alcohol, pesticides, etc.) Can also break down fat
50
What can peroxisomes form that can also be broken down?
Hydrogen peroxide Can be broken down into water
51
Mitochondria
"powerhouse" of the cell: produces ATP by cellular respiration for energy needs of the cell
52
Components of the mitochondria
Cristae and matrix
53
Cristae
Inner membrane folds
54
Matrix
Space inside the inner membrane
55
Non-membrane bound organelles
- Ribosomes - Cytoskeleton - Centrosomes and centrioles - Cilia and flagella - Microvilli
56
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
57
Components of ribosomes
Large and small subunit
58
Location of free ribosomes
Cytosol
59
Location of fixed ribosomes
Outer surface of RER
60
Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use where?
Within the cell
61
Fixed ribosomes synthesize proteins for incorporation where?
Plasma membrane, exported from cell, housed within lysosomes
62
Cytoskeleton
Proteins organized in the cytosol as solid filaments or hollow tubes
63
Cytoskeleton functions
Structural: provides structural support to cell, stabilizes junctions between cells Movement: assist with cytosol streaming and cell motility; helps move organelles and materials throughout cells; helps move chromosomes during cell division
64
3 main types of cytoskeleton
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
65
Centrosome/centriole
Two sets of nine microtubule triplets arranged at right angles and embedded in gel-like matrix
66
What do centrosomes/centrioles form and organize into?
Microtubules
67
Microtubules form the _______________
Mitotic spindle
68
Centrosome/centriole function
Microtubule support: organizes microtubules and support their growth in nondividing cells Cell division: directs formation of mitotic spindle in dividing cells
69
Cilia and flagella
Projections extending from the cell with core of microtubules
70
Cilia
move substances across surface
71
Flagella
move entire cell
72
Microvilli
Folds in the cell membrane that do not move and are smaller than cilia
73
Microvilli increase __________ in ______ and ________
surface area, small intestine, kidney tubules
74
Nucleus
Core, or control center, of cellular activities
75
Function of the nucleus
Cellular regulation: houses genetic material, which directs all cellular activity and regulates cellular structure Production: produces ribosomal subunits in the nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly into ribosomes
76
Parts of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope Nucleoli DNA (chromatin and chromosomes)
77
Nucleoli
Dark staining bodies within the nucleus "little brain"
78
What is the nucleoli made of?
RNA - ribonucleic acid
79
What is the nucleoli responsible for making?
Components of the small and large subunits of the ribosome
80
DNA is responsible for what?
Controlling cellular activity and protein synthesis (which forms enzymes, antibodies, etc.)
81
Two states of the life cycle of the cell
Interphase and mitosis
82
Interphase
Phase between cell division where normal activities and prep for cell division occurs
83
How many stages of interphase are there? What are they?
3 (G1, S, G2)
84
Mitosis
Cell division Daughter cells are genetically identical to mother cell
85
Mitotic phase events
Mitosis: division of the nucleus Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
86
4 consecutive stages of mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
87
Prophase
- Chromosomes and mitotic spindle appears - Nuclear envelope disappears
88
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the equatorial (metaphase) plate
89
Anaphase
Spindle fibers guide sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell
90
What appears in late anaphase?
Cleavage furrow
91
Telophase
- Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes - Chromosomes uncoil - Mitotic spindle disappears
92
Chromatin
Scattered DNA in the nucleus
93
When is chromatin seen?
Interphase
94
Chromosome
Coiled condensed form of chromatin that is more organized
95
Middle part of a chromosome
Centromere
96
Identical halves of a chromosome
Sister chromatids
97
Histone
Ball of protein to prevent DNA from tangling
98
G1
Growth, normal functions
99
S
"Synthesis" DNA replication
100
G2
Final prep for mitosis

ANATOMY (23 decks)

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