Flashcards in Ch 2 & 3 Deck (63):
1
Respiration
Exchange of gas between an organism and its environment
2
Inspiration
Breathing in
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Expiration
Breathing out
4
Alveoli
Air sacs where gas exchange happens after gas has been drawn into the system
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Diffusion
Migrating or mixing of one material through another
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Air pressure
Force exerted on the walls of a chamber by molecule of air
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Boyle's Law
Given a gas of constant temperature, if you increase the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained, the pressure will decrease
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Positive pressure
Air pressure that exceeds atmospheric pressure; molecules are much closer together and pressure is increased
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Negative pressure
Air pressure is less than atmospheric pressure; molecules move farther apart so pressure decreases
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Foramina
Openings
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Corpus
Body
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Facet
Small face
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Tubercle
A small rounded prominence on bone
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Pedicle
Foot
15
Ambulation
Walking
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Intervertebral disks
Separates the individual vertebrae of the vertebral column
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Chondral
Cartilaginous
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Xiphoid or ensiform process
Tip of the sternum; sword or swordlike
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Congenital
Present at birth
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Bolus
Ball or lump of masticated food ready to swallow
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Mediastinal
Referring to the middle space; in respiration it refers to the organs separating the lungs
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Dead air
Air that does not descend below the space that cannot undergo gas exchange with the blood
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Gastroesophageal reflux
Reintroduction of gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus and respiratory passageway
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Pulmonary
Pertaining to the lungs
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Goblet cells
Within the mucosal lining and submucosal glands that secrete lubricant into the respiratory tract to trap pollutants as they enter the trachea and larynx
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Cilia
Hairlike processes that line the respiratory passageway from the nose to the beginning of the bronchi and beat the pollutants upward and posteriorly
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Mucus
Dense fluid product of mucous membrane tissue
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Aspiration
Entry of liquid or solid materials into the lungs
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Vertical dimension (of thoracic expansion)
The superior-inferior dimension of thorax movement generated by contraction of the diaphragm
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Transverse dimension (of thoracic expansion)
Antero-posterior and lateral dimensional expansion of the thorax generated by contraction of the accessory muscles of inspiration
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Venules
Tiny veins
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Hiatus
Opening
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Diaphragmatic contraction
Expands the lungs, drawing air into them through the bronchial passageway
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Quiet inspiration
Inspiration that involves minimal muscular activity, involves primarily that of the diaphragm
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Forced inspiration
Inspiration that involves both diaphragm and accessory muscles of inspiration
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Cervical plexus
Group of phrenic nerves that anastomoses from the spinal nerves C1-C4
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Parasternal
Near the sternum
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Forced expiration
Reverses the process by pulling the thorax down and in by forcing the diaphragm higher into the thorax
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Active expiration
Expiration arising from muscular activity
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Passive expiration
Expiration arising from passive forces of muscular tissue elasticity
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Spirometer
Decide used to measure respiratory volume
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Manometer
Device used to measure air pressure differences
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Ventilation
Air inhaled per unit time
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Perfusion
Migration of fluid through a barrier
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Quiet tidal volume
Tidal volume at rest, approximately 525cc for male and female adults combined
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Capacities
Combinations of respiratory volumes that express physiological limits
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Inspiration reserve volume
Volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration
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Expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration
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Residual volume
Volume of air remaining after a maximum exhalation
50
Vital capacity
Total volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration
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Functional residual capacity
Volume of air remaining in the body after a passive exhalation
52
Total lung capacity
Sum of tidal volume, inspiration reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume
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Inspiratory capacity
Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration
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Intraoral (mouth) pressure
Pressure that could be measured within the mouth
55
Alveolar (pulmonic) pressure
Pressure that is present within the individual alveolus
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Pleural (intrapleural) pressure
Pressure in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
57
Pneumothorax
Aggregation of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall, with subsequent loss of the negative intrapleural pressure
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Atmospheric pressure
Pressure on the earth, acts as a constant zero with which to compare respiratory pressures
59
Recoil forces
Drive the respiratory system back to equilibrium after inspiration or expiration
60
Checking action
Use of muscles of inspiration to impede the outward flow of air during respiration for speech
61
Minute volume
Volume of air exchanged by an organism in one minute
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Dead air space
Air within conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange
63