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Phonetics > Ch 2- An Overview of Speech Production > Flashcards

Ch 2- An Overview of Speech Production Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological phonetics

A

examines the anatomical-physiological prerequisites for speech and hearing, in particular the functional adequacy of all structures that are a portion of the speech process includes the speech mechanism

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2
Q

speech mechanism

A

the structures that are involved in producing speech

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3
Q

resporatory system

A

consists primarily of the rings and airways, including trachea, rib cage, abdomen, and diaphragm. relate to respiration (the exchange of gases necessary for sustaining life. make voice and speech possible

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4
Q

phonatory system

A

consists primarily of the larynx and is responsible for Phonation

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5
Q

phonation

A

the production of tones resulting from vibration of the vocal folds

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6
Q

resonatory system

A

is composed of a series of cavities:the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal plays a vital role in resonance

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7
Q

resonance

A

the selective radiation and absorption of sound energy at specific frequencies…certain frequencies are amplified or intensified…while others are suppressed or damped
effected by the modifying of cavities through which sound passes

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8
Q

articulatory system

A

contains the mandible, tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, and velum. important in forming the individual speech sounds. fine tunes the production, resulting in speech sounds that are distinct and qualitatively acceptable- secondary function

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9
Q

Primary function

A

depicts the life-supposing tasks of the speech mechanism

aka vital functions

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10
Q

secondary functions

A

aka overlaid functions (indicating functions that are nearly placed onto the original functions) how it is used to produce speech

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11
Q

primary function of the respiratory system

A

the vital exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

secondary function of the respiratory system

A

generating a source of energy in the form of a stream of air for the production of speech. without this pressurized air, speech is impossible. (produces plosives)

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13
Q

diaphragm

A

divides the torso of the body into the thoracic and abdominal cavities. principle muscle of inhalation

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14
Q

the external and internal intercostals

A

also considered muscles of inhalation

elevation of the ribs during inhalation

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15
Q

visceral or pulmonary pleura and the costal or parietal pleura

A

airtight and fused together, producing a small amount of fluid that provides smooth, lubricated movement of the lungs during respiration
a powerful negative pressure is created by the two that links the costal and visceral membranes so closely that the lungs cohort the thoracic walls forcing the lungs to move with the thoracic wall

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16
Q

alveolar pressure

A

the pressure within the lungs

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17
Q

pressure during breathing rest

A

the alveolar and atmospheric are equal

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18
Q

respiration cycle

A

as inhalation begins the increase in the thoracic dimensions and the consequent expansion of the lungs as they follow the expanding thoracic cavity results in a negative alveolar pressure, therefore air rushes in to restore pressure equality, as the outside air rushes into the lungs, the muscles of inhalation gradually cease their activity. at the this point exhalation begins. and the diaphragm starts to relax in to its uncontracted state both actions increase alveolar pressure causing the air to be forced out. any problems with the parts, means difficulty producing speech

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19
Q

Glottis

A

area between vocal folds

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20
Q

Subglottal

A

refers to that area below the vocal folds
-the lower portion of the larynx, extending from just beneath the vocal cords down to the top of the trachea. The structures in the subglottis are implicated in the regulation of the temperature of the breath.

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21
Q

equalization of outflow of air

A

needed ignored to maintain a constant loudness level during an utterance.
a system of checks and balances between inspiratory and expiratory muscles makes it happen

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22
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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23
Q

anterior

A

towards the front

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24
Q

posterior

A

towards the back

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25
Q

inhalation

A

as inhalation begins the increase in the thoracic dimensions and the consequent expansion of the lungs as they follow the expanding thoracic cavity results in a negative alveolar pressure, therefore air rushes in to restore pressure equality

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26
Q

exhalation

A

the muscles of inhalation gradually cease their activity. at the this point exhalation begins. and the diaphragm starts to relax in to its uncontracted state both actions increase alveolar pressure causing the air to be forced out.

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27
Q

egressive

A

(of a speech sound) produced using the normal outward-flowing airstream from the lungs

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28
Q

ingressive

A

sounds produced when the the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose

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29
Q

structures of the respiratory System

A

lungs, ribcage, thorax/thoracic cavity, abdomen, trachea, muscles of respiration (primarily diaphragm)

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30
Q

supra-laryngeal system

A

the muscles of the respiratory system relies air into this and the larynx to generate speech

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31
Q

differences in inspiratory+expiratory time for quiet breathing vs. speech

A

breathing- 2.5 seconds

speech- up to 15 seconds

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32
Q

resistance quiet vs. speech

A

breathing- little resistance

speech- resistance at vocal folds, articulators, or both

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33
Q

muscle activity quiet vs. speech

A

breathing- expiratory forces are purely passive

speech- expiration is also active, requiring complicated muscular effort

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34
Q

adduct

A

to bring towards the midline

35
Q

abduct

A

to bring away from the midline

36
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the rate of vibration (# of open/closes per second) of the vocal folds
-males 120-145
-females 200-260
the higher the rate the higher the pitch

37
Q

structures of the phonatory system

A

larynx, hyoid bone, cartilages, epiglottis, esophagus (not a part but worth mentioning), glottis, vocal folds

38
Q

larynx

A

houses other primary structures
location of the vocal folds
causes you to cough to keep out blockage in air way

39
Q

hyoid bones

A

only bone in the body not connected to another bone

40
Q

cartilage in the phonatory system

A

they hold system in place

41
Q

epiglottis

A

stops choking

42
Q

esophagus

A

foodtube

43
Q

vocal folds

A

open and close to build air in order to produce speech
vocal folds are adducted lightly during speech to do this (glottis is still visible) VARIABLE RESISTANCE DEPENDING UPON THE NEEDS OF THE MOMENT

44
Q

primary functions of phonatory system

A
  • protection of the airway during swallowing

- stabilizing the upper body for lifting and pushing

45
Q

secondary (overlaid) functions of the phonatory system

A
  • phonation (production of voice)
  • control of pitch of voice
  • control of loudness of voice
  • distinguishing between consonants that are identical except that one is voices and the other is voiceless
46
Q

Pitch

A

when folds are stretched, their longitudinal tension is increased and frequency is increased (heard as a higher pitch)

47
Q

loudness

A

in loud speech the difference is that the vocal folds stay closed longer in order to build up more air pressure “increased medial tension”

48
Q

Structures of a Resonatory system

A

Pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, nasal cavity together they are called the VOCAL TRACT

49
Q

Pharyngeal cavity

A

the open muscular tube extending up form the larynx and behind the oral nasal cavities

50
Q

oral cavity

A

THE MOST VARIABLE CAVITY IN SHAPE

-the north, bounded on the front by the lips, at the bottom by the tongue and floor of mouth

51
Q

nasal cavity

A

the open space inside the nose, really a very small space, moist surfaces tend to damp or tome down the sound that passes through them, mucus can change the shape

52
Q

vowels in relation to resonance

A

vowels are extremely susceptible to changes in resonance

53
Q

velopharyngeal port

A

The channel of egressive air depends of the position of the vellum shot palate–> this port directs the air to the oral vs. nasal. it is the opening between the pharyngeal and nasal cavities
open- goes through nasal (nasal sounds)
closed- goes through oral (non-nasal sounds)

54
Q

Articulatory system structures

A

tongue, mandible, teeth, lips, alveoler ridge, hard palate, velum

55
Q

tongue

A

terms: lingual, lingua,

a muscular organ-the roots attach it to the hyoid bone and the mandible supports it

56
Q

mandible

A

mandibular

57
Q

teeth

A

dental

58
Q

lips

A

labial, labio
produced changes in the vocal tract size and shape in two distinct ways
closure for bilabial sound and partially on other sounds, i.e., fricatives f,v
rounding- for vowels and for several consonants “w”

59
Q

alveolar ridge

A

alveolar, alveo

60
Q

hard palate

A

palatal, plato

61
Q

velum

A

velar, velo (soft palate)

62
Q

movable points of contact

A

“active articulator”

tongue, jaw, lips, velum

63
Q

non-movable points of contact

A

“passive articulators”
(active articulators move towards them)
teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate

64
Q

apex

A
  • apical, apico
    the tip of the tongue
    accounts for over 50% of the consonant contacts made in an average sample of english conversation
    -most active part of tongue
65
Q

body

A

primary bulk or mass of the tongue

66
Q

blade

A

-laminal

located just behind the tip

67
Q

back or dorsum

A

dorsal

used to make sounds /k/ /g/ “ingma”

68
Q

root

A

the long segment that forms the front wall of the pharynx

69
Q

primary function of the articulatory system

A

Get food and liquid and create a bolus ready to swallow

70
Q

secondary function of the articulatory system

A
  1. Shape sounds that is coming from phonatory system and being enhance by resonatory system.
71
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

(having at least one attachment to structures outside the larynx) responsible for support and fixation of the larynx

72
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

(those having both attachments within the larynx) necessary for control during voice production
far more interesting during voice production

73
Q

timbre

A

tone quality

74
Q

hypernasality

A

an excessive amount of perceived nasal cavity resonance due to lack of necessary varopharyngeal port closing

75
Q

nasal emission

A

occurs on specific consonants that have a high degree of pressure in to oral cavity during their production

76
Q

free vibration

A

used to describe the natural vibratory response of an object

77
Q

natural or resonant frequency

A

frequency at which the object vibrates

78
Q

forced vibration

A

one object sets another object into vibration

79
Q

nechanical resonator

A

when the actual object itself is set into motion

80
Q

acoustic resonator

A

a container filled with air that is set into vibration

81
Q

harmony

A

numbered multiples of a frequency

82
Q

complex wave

A

one composed of more than one frequency

83
Q

sound spectrogram

A

visual display of acoustic analysis

Phonetics (5 decks)

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