Ch. 2 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
When does puberty begin
A
when secondary sex characteristics appear
2
Q
When does puberty end
A
when mature sperm are formed or regular menstrual cycle occurs
3
Q
When do hormone changes occur in male and what does it cause
A
10-16 yo
penis and testes get bigger and they have a growth spurt
4
Q
Testosterone causes
A
boys to grow taller, muscluar and develop secondary sex characteristics
5
Q
Testosterone levels
A
constant but, decrease to 50% by age 80
6
Q
Nocturnal emission
A
wet dreams, usually don’t contain sperm
7
Q
What is the first outward change for girls
A
breast
8
Q
when does the first menarche occur
A
2-2 1/2 years after breast about age 11-15
9
Q
What changes occur during puberty in girls
A
hips broaden, body hair grows
10
Q
Glans
A
the rounded end of the penis you can see when someone is circumcised
11
Q
Smegma
A
Sebaceous substance that collects under foreskin
12
Q
Urethral meatus location in males
A
tip of the glans
13
Q
The body of the penis contains
A
- urethra
- erectile tissue
14
Q
what makes up the erectile tissue
A
- corpus spongiosum
- 2 corpora cavernosa
15
Q
Scrotum
- what is it
- where is it
- what does it do
A
sac that contains testes
- hanging from the perineum
- keeps the testes away from the body so it has a lower temperture
16
Q
spermatogenesis
A
normal production of sperm
17
Q
function of the testes
A
- make male germ cells (spermatozoa or sperm)
- secrete androgens
18
Q
androgens
A
male hormones
19
Q
where is sperm made
A
the convoluted seminiferous tubules in the testes
20
Q
where is testosterone made
A
the anterior pituitary gland and leydig cells of testes
21
Q
where is follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone made, what controls it
A
- the anterior pituitary
- hypothalamus
22
Q
What does FSH and LH do
A
initiate production of testosterone in the leydig cells of the testes
23
Q
What effects does testosterone have
A
- increase muscle
- promotes long bone growth
- increase basal metabolic rate
- enhance red blood cell production
- increase vocal cord size
- affect body hair
- increase sebum production
24
Q
hematocrit levels are higher in
A
males
25
Epididymis
- where are they
- what are they
- what do they do
- one in attaches to each testicle
- ducts
- store sperm for 2-10 days before they mature
26
where do sperm mature
vas deferens
27
where are vas deferens
they pass up the body, around the symphysis pubis, circle the bladder and then down into the ejaculatory ducts
28
ejaculatory ducts
| -where are they
they enter the back of the prostate and then connect to the urethra
29
What are the male accessory glands
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbouresthral glands (cowper's glands)
30
what do the male accessory glands do
produce secretions (seminal plasma)
31
what does seminal plasma do
- nourish the sperm
- protect sperm from the vagina's acid
- enhance the motility of sperm
32
what makes up semen
seminal plasma and sperm
33
Mons Pubis
- where is it
- what does it do
- the fatty part above the Vulva
| - protects the symphysis pubis
34
Labio majora
| -what does it do
has lots of glands that keep the interior surface moist
35
Labia Minora
| -what does it do
has sebaceous glands that secrete bactericidal that protects and lubricate the skin
36
Fourchette
- what is it
- what does it do
- what is it also called
- fold of tissue where the labia majora and minora meet
- sometimes rips during childbirth
- obstetrical perineum
37
What is included in the vaginal vestibule
- urethral meatus
- skene ducts
- vaginal introitus
- ducts of the bartholin glands
- hymen
38
Urethral meatus
- where is it located
- what does it look like
- 2 cm below clit
| - foldlike with a slit
39
skene ducts
- also called
- where is it
- what does it do
- paraurethral ducts
- each side of the urethra
- provides lube
40
vaginal introitus
| -what is it
the division between the internal and external genitalia
41
what is the hymen
the elastic membrane that closes the vagina from the vestibule
42
Ducts of the bartholin glands
- aka
- what does it do
- where is it
- vulvovaginal glands
- provide lube during sex
- cant see them normally
43
where are episiotomy done
the perineum
44
dyspareunia
- what is it
- what causes it
- weakness or painful sex
| - tissue doesn't heal right
45
what is the vagina made of
muscle and membranous tissue
46
how do the vagina and cervix meet
90 degree angle
47
how long are the anterior and posterior walls of the vagina
```
anterior= 2.5 cm shorter
posterior= 7-10 cm
```
48
Rugae
transverse ridges of mucous membrane lining the vagina
49
normal pH of vagina
4-5
50
levator ani
muscle that supports the urethra, vagina and rectum
51
what shape is the uterus
upside down pear
52
how much does the uterus weigh
60 g (2 oz)
53
how long/wide/thick is the uterus
```
7.5 cm (3 in) long
5 cm (2 in) wide
1-2.5 cm (0.4-1 in) thick
```
54
where is the uterus located
between the bladder and vagina
55
what does the broad ligament do
provide stability to the uterus in the pelvic cavity
56
what does the round ligament do
surrounded by muscles that enlarge during pregnancy to keep the uterus in place
57
what does the cardinal ligament do
prevent uterine prolapse
58
uterosacral ligament
surrounded by smooth muscle, contains nerves that cause dysmenorrhea
59
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
60
what nerves carry the sensation of uterine contractions
11th and 12th thoracic nerve roots
61
what nerves carry pain from cervis and vagina
pudendal nerves
62
where do the nerves that control the motor fibers of the uterus come from
7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae
63
fundus
upper part of uterus
| broad and flat
64
corpus
body of uterus, middle part, active role in period and pregnancy
65
what are the layers of the uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
enometrium
66
perimetrium
outer layer of uterus
| serousal layer
67
myometrium
middle muscle layer of uterus. handles pregnancy and birth
68
what are the layers of the myometrium
- longitudinal outer layer
- middle layer of figure eight interlacing
- circular inner layer of sphincters at the Fallopian tubes and opening of cervix
69
endometrium
inner mucosal layer of uterus. works during period and implantation. governed by hormonal changes
70
Cervix
the lowest part of the uterus. cosist of internal os (opening near uterine corpus) and external os (opens into vagina)
71
what fuctions does the mucosal lining of the cervix have
- lubricates vagina
- bacteriostatic
- provides alkaline environment for sperm
- produces mucous plug
72
how long are the fallopian tubes
8-13.5 cm (3-5.3 in)
73
sections of the fallopian tube
- interstitial
- isthmus
- ampulla
- infundibulum
74
interstitial portion of fallopian
comes from uterus and lies within its walls
75
isthmus portion of fallopian
narrow area near uterus
76
ampulla portion of fallopian
wider area where fertilization happens
77
infundibulum portion of fallopian
funnel like end of tube
78
fimbriae
finderlike projections in infundibulum that capture the ovum
79
what size and shape are ovaries
shape of almond size of walnut
80
what holds ovaries in place
ovarian and uterine ligaments
81
function of the ovaries
- produce estrogen and progesterone
| - stimulate ovum maturation
82
how many ova are there at birth
2 million
83
how many oocytes in reproductive years
400
84
climacteric
the time around menopause
85
what bones form the pelvis
- 2 innominate bones
- sacrum
- coccyx
86
innominate bone is made of up of
ilium
pubis
ischium
87
ilium
the lateral flaring portion of hip bone
88
pubis
anterior hip bone
89
syphysis pubis
ilium + pubis
90
pubic arch
the curves space under the syphysis pubis
91
ischium
below the ilium
| supports the seated body
92
ischial spine
one from each ischium
juts inward
reference point for how baby descends during labor
93
posterior pelvis
sacrum + coccyx
94
sacrum
5 fused triangular vertebrae. can jut into pelvic cavity causing narrowing of birth passageway
95
gynecoid pelvis
classic female
rounded
good for vaginal birth
96
android pelvis
wedge shaped with narrow anterior
| male
97
anthropoid pelvis
anteroposterior diameter equal or exceeds transverse.
| usually can birth vaginally. more likely to be born occiput posterior
98
occiput posterior
back of head towards sacrum
99
platypelloid pelvis
shortened anteroposterior diameter and flat transverse.
oval.
not good for vaginal birth
100
linea terminalis
imaginary line going from sacroiliac joint to anterior iliopubic prominence
101
false pelvis
upper part, supports uterus and guides fetus to true pelvis
102
true pelvis
lower part. consist of pelvic-inlet, pelvic cavity and pelvic outlet
103
what dictates the bony limits of the birth canal
true pelvis
104
pelvic inlet location
below the linea terminalis
105
anteroposterior diameter
measured between symphysis pubis and sacrum.
106
what is the shortest inlet diameter
anteroposterior
107
transverse diameter
measured across linea terminalis
108
what is the largest inlet diameter
transverse diameter
109
oblique diameter
measured from right or left sacroiliac joint to prominence of the linea terminalis
110
diagnal conjugate
distance between the suprapubic angle and sacral promotory
111
obstetric conjugate
smallest inlet diameter. estimated by subtracting 1.5-2 cm from diagnal conjugate. the thickness of pubic bone
112
what conjugate determines if a baby can pass
obstetric conjugate
113
transverse diameter
largest diameter. Determines the inlet's shape. distance between inner surgace of ischial tuberosities
114
average measurement of diagonal conjugate
11.5 cm
115
avg measurement of obstetric conjugate (true)
9.5-10 cm
116
avg measurement of transverse
13.5 cm
117
avg measurement of oblique
12.75 cm
118
avg measurement of anteroposterior
9.5 cm
119
avg measurement of biischial
10-12 cm
120
avg measurement of posterior sagittal
7.5 cm
121
biischial diameter is also called
transverse diameter
122
anteroposterior measurment
distance between lower border of symphysis pubis and tip of sacrum. measured with vaginal exam
123
sagittal diameters
measured from middle of transverse diameter to pubic bone anterioly and to sacrococcygeal posteriorly
124
what can decrease the size of the pelvic outlet and make vaginal birth difficult
immobile coccyx
125
Montgomery glands
- aka
- what are they
- what do they do
- montgomery tubercles
- sebaceous glands in areola
- secrete substance that lubrictes and protects breast during lactation
126
How many lobes are in each breast
15-24
127
what separates the lobes of the breast
adipose and fibrous tissue
128
alveoli
- aka
- what do they do
- lobules
| - secrete milk
129
lactiferous
- how many are there
- what do they do
- 20
| - empty the milk
130
Ampullae
- aka
- what do they do
- what are they
- lactiferous sinuses
- store milk
- widened areas of alveoli
131
what causes the secretion of FSH and LH
the hypothalamus triggers the anterior pituitary gland
132
what does FSH do
stimulates maturation of follicle in the ovary that contains an ovum
133
corpus luteum
the follicle left empty after the ovum is released
134
what does the corpus luteum do, what does it lead to
produces increasing amounts of estrogen and progesterone, causes endometrium to enlarge
135
What does LH do
stimulates final maturation and the release of the ovum
136
what happens 2 days before ovulation
vaginal secretions increase
137
Ovulation
when the mature ovum is released frome the follicle
138
when does ovulation occur
14 days before the next period
139
corpus luteum
turns yellow immediately after ovulation and secretes progesterone to prepare for fertilization
140
luteinizing
turning yellow
141
how long after ovulation does the corpus luteum take to degenerate
12 days
142
What hormones cause periods
progesterone and estrogen levels dropping
143
what starts the next menstrual cycle
anterior pituitary secretes more FSH and LH
144
Menarche
beginning of the first menstrual cycle.
145
how long does it take for a regular cycle to occur
6 months to 2 years after menarche
146
How long is the average menstrual cycle
28 days plus or minus 5-10 days
147
how long does a period last
2-5 days
148
how much blood is released during a period
30-40 mL
149
how much serous fluid is released during the period
30-50 mL
150
what prevents clots in periods
Fibrinolysin in the necrotic endometrium
151
climacteric
the period of years when reporduction in women declines
152
menopause
the final period
153
phases of sexual response
excitement
plateau
orgasmic
resolution
154
what happens during excitement
heart rate and BP increase, nipples erect
155
What happens during plateau
skin flushes
erection
semen appears
156
What happens during the orgasmic phase
involuntary muscle spasms of rectum, vagina and uterus
| ejaculation
157
what happens during resolution
penis goes limp, vitals return to normal
158
what happens when the penis is stimulated
sends signals to sacral area of the spine
159
what is stimulated to enhance sexual arousal in males
nerves in the prostate and scrotum
160
what causes the penis to become erect
parasympathetic nerves relax the penile arteries which fill the shaft
161
what nerves cause the urethral glands to secrete mucus and what is it's purpose
parasympathetic nerves
| increase sperm motility
162
what happens to cause the expulsion of sperm into the urethra (emission)
parasympathetic nervous system contracts the vas deferens
163
how long does it take sperm to reach the fallopian tube
5 minutes
164
how long does sperm live in the female
4-5 days
165
what causes the vagina to tighten around the penis
nerves from the sacral plexus return signals to the vaginal introitus, dilating and filling the arteries
166
what causes the secretion of lubricating mucus in the vaginal
stimulation of the bartholin glands
167
What stimulates contraction of the uterus
oxytocin secreted from the posterior pituitary
168
how long does an egg live after ovulation
24 hrs
