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OB > Ch. 2 Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

When does puberty begin

A

when secondary sex characteristics appear

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2
Q

When does puberty end

A

when mature sperm are formed or regular menstrual cycle occurs

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3
Q

When do hormone changes occur in male and what does it cause

A

10-16 yo

penis and testes get bigger and they have a growth spurt

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4
Q

Testosterone causes

A

boys to grow taller, muscluar and develop secondary sex characteristics

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5
Q

Testosterone levels

A

constant but, decrease to 50% by age 80

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6
Q

Nocturnal emission

A

wet dreams, usually don’t contain sperm

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7
Q

What is the first outward change for girls

A

breast

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8
Q

when does the first menarche occur

A

2-2 1/2 years after breast about age 11-15

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9
Q

What changes occur during puberty in girls

A

hips broaden, body hair grows

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10
Q

Glans

A

the rounded end of the penis you can see when someone is circumcised

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11
Q

Smegma

A

Sebaceous substance that collects under foreskin

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12
Q

Urethral meatus location in males

A

tip of the glans

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13
Q

The body of the penis contains

A
  • urethra

- erectile tissue

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14
Q

what makes up the erectile tissue

A
  • corpus spongiosum

- 2 corpora cavernosa

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15
Q

Scrotum

  • what is it
  • where is it
  • what does it do
A

sac that contains testes

  • hanging from the perineum
  • keeps the testes away from the body so it has a lower temperture
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16
Q

spermatogenesis

A

normal production of sperm

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17
Q

function of the testes

A
  • make male germ cells (spermatozoa or sperm)

- secrete androgens

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18
Q

androgens

A

male hormones

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19
Q

where is sperm made

A

the convoluted seminiferous tubules in the testes

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20
Q

where is testosterone made

A

the anterior pituitary gland and leydig cells of testes

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21
Q

where is follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone made, what controls it

A
  • the anterior pituitary

- hypothalamus

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22
Q

What does FSH and LH do

A

initiate production of testosterone in the leydig cells of the testes

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23
Q

What effects does testosterone have

A
  • increase muscle
  • promotes long bone growth
  • increase basal metabolic rate
  • enhance red blood cell production
  • increase vocal cord size
  • affect body hair
  • increase sebum production
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24
Q

hematocrit levels are higher in

A

males

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25
Q

Epididymis

  • where are they
  • what are they
  • what do they do
A
  • one in attaches to each testicle
  • ducts
  • store sperm for 2-10 days before they mature
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26
Q

where do sperm mature

A

vas deferens

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27
Q

where are vas deferens

A

they pass up the body, around the symphysis pubis, circle the bladder and then down into the ejaculatory ducts

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28
Q

ejaculatory ducts

-where are they

A

they enter the back of the prostate and then connect to the urethra

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29
Q

What are the male accessory glands

A

seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbouresthral glands (cowper’s glands)

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30
Q

what do the male accessory glands do

A

produce secretions (seminal plasma)

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31
Q

what does seminal plasma do

A
  • nourish the sperm
  • protect sperm from the vagina’s acid
  • enhance the motility of sperm
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32
Q

what makes up semen

A

seminal plasma and sperm

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33
Q

Mons Pubis

  • where is it
  • what does it do
A
  • the fatty part above the Vulva

- protects the symphysis pubis

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34
Q

Labio majora

-what does it do

A

has lots of glands that keep the interior surface moist

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35
Q

Labia Minora

-what does it do

A

has sebaceous glands that secrete bactericidal that protects and lubricate the skin

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36
Q

Fourchette

  • what is it
  • what does it do
  • what is it also called
A
  • fold of tissue where the labia majora and minora meet
  • sometimes rips during childbirth
  • obstetrical perineum
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37
Q

What is included in the vaginal vestibule

A
  • urethral meatus
  • skene ducts
  • vaginal introitus
  • ducts of the bartholin glands
  • hymen
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38
Q

Urethral meatus

  • where is it located
  • what does it look like
A
  • 2 cm below clit

- foldlike with a slit

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39
Q

skene ducts

  • also called
  • where is it
  • what does it do
A
  • paraurethral ducts
  • each side of the urethra
  • provides lube
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40
Q

vaginal introitus

-what is it

A

the division between the internal and external genitalia

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41
Q

what is the hymen

A

the elastic membrane that closes the vagina from the vestibule

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42
Q

Ducts of the bartholin glands

  • aka
  • what does it do
  • where is it
A
  • vulvovaginal glands
  • provide lube during sex
  • cant see them normally
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43
Q

where are episiotomy done

A

the perineum

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44
Q

dyspareunia

  • what is it
  • what causes it
A
  • weakness or painful sex

- tissue doesn’t heal right

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45
Q

what is the vagina made of

A

muscle and membranous tissue

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46
Q

how do the vagina and cervix meet

A

90 degree angle

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47
Q

how long are the anterior and posterior walls of the vagina

A 
anterior= 2.5 cm shorter 
posterior= 7-10 cm
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48
Q

Rugae

A

transverse ridges of mucous membrane lining the vagina

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49
Q

normal pH of vagina

A

4-5

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50
Q

levator ani

A

muscle that supports the urethra, vagina and rectum

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51
Q

what shape is the uterus

A

upside down pear

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52
Q

how much does the uterus weigh

A

60 g (2 oz)

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53
Q

how long/wide/thick is the uterus

A 
7.5 cm (3 in) long
5 cm (2 in) wide
1-2.5 cm (0.4-1 in) thick
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54
Q

where is the uterus located

A

between the bladder and vagina

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55
Q

what does the broad ligament do

A

provide stability to the uterus in the pelvic cavity

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56
Q

what does the round ligament do

A

surrounded by muscles that enlarge during pregnancy to keep the uterus in place

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57
Q

what does the cardinal ligament do

A

prevent uterine prolapse

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58
Q

uterosacral ligament

A

surrounded by smooth muscle, contains nerves that cause dysmenorrhea

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59
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation

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60
Q

what nerves carry the sensation of uterine contractions

A

11th and 12th thoracic nerve roots

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61
Q

what nerves carry pain from cervis and vagina

A

pudendal nerves

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62
Q

where do the nerves that control the motor fibers of the uterus come from

A

7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae

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63
Q

fundus

A

upper part of uterus

broad and flat

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64
Q

corpus

A

body of uterus, middle part, active role in period and pregnancy

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65
Q

what are the layers of the uterus

A

perimetrium
myometrium
enometrium

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66
Q

perimetrium

A

outer layer of uterus

serousal layer

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67
Q

myometrium

A

middle muscle layer of uterus. handles pregnancy and birth

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68
Q

what are the layers of the myometrium

A
  • longitudinal outer layer
  • middle layer of figure eight interlacing
  • circular inner layer of sphincters at the Fallopian tubes and opening of cervix
69
Q

endometrium

A

inner mucosal layer of uterus. works during period and implantation. governed by hormonal changes

70
Q

Cervix

A

the lowest part of the uterus. cosist of internal os (opening near uterine corpus) and external os (opens into vagina)

71
Q

what fuctions does the mucosal lining of the cervix have

A
  • lubricates vagina
  • bacteriostatic
  • provides alkaline environment for sperm
  • produces mucous plug
72
Q

how long are the fallopian tubes

A

8-13.5 cm (3-5.3 in)

73
Q

sections of the fallopian tube

A
  • interstitial
  • isthmus
  • ampulla
  • infundibulum
74
Q

interstitial portion of fallopian

A

comes from uterus and lies within its walls

75
Q

isthmus portion of fallopian

A

narrow area near uterus

76
Q

ampulla portion of fallopian

A

wider area where fertilization happens

77
Q

infundibulum portion of fallopian

A

funnel like end of tube

78
Q

fimbriae

A

finderlike projections in infundibulum that capture the ovum

79
Q

what size and shape are ovaries

A

shape of almond size of walnut

80
Q

what holds ovaries in place

A

ovarian and uterine ligaments

81
Q

function of the ovaries

A
  • produce estrogen and progesterone

- stimulate ovum maturation

82
Q

how many ova are there at birth

A

2 million

83
Q

how many oocytes in reproductive years

A

400

84
Q

climacteric

A

the time around menopause

85
Q

what bones form the pelvis

A
  • 2 innominate bones
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
86
Q

innominate bone is made of up of

A

ilium
pubis
ischium

87
Q

ilium

A

the lateral flaring portion of hip bone

88
Q

pubis

A

anterior hip bone

89
Q

syphysis pubis

A

ilium + pubis

90
Q

pubic arch

A

the curves space under the syphysis pubis

91
Q

ischium

A

below the ilium

supports the seated body

92
Q

ischial spine

A

one from each ischium
juts inward
reference point for how baby descends during labor

93
Q

posterior pelvis

A

sacrum + coccyx

94
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused triangular vertebrae. can jut into pelvic cavity causing narrowing of birth passageway

95
Q

gynecoid pelvis

A

classic female
rounded
good for vaginal birth

96
Q

android pelvis

A

wedge shaped with narrow anterior

male

97
Q

anthropoid pelvis

A

anteroposterior diameter equal or exceeds transverse.

usually can birth vaginally. more likely to be born occiput posterior

98
Q

occiput posterior

A

back of head towards sacrum

99
Q

platypelloid pelvis

A

shortened anteroposterior diameter and flat transverse.
oval.
not good for vaginal birth

100
Q

linea terminalis

A

imaginary line going from sacroiliac joint to anterior iliopubic prominence

101
Q

false pelvis

A

upper part, supports uterus and guides fetus to true pelvis

102
Q

true pelvis

A

lower part. consist of pelvic-inlet, pelvic cavity and pelvic outlet

103
Q

what dictates the bony limits of the birth canal

A

true pelvis

104
Q

pelvic inlet location

A

below the linea terminalis

105
Q

anteroposterior diameter

A

measured between symphysis pubis and sacrum.

106
Q

what is the shortest inlet diameter

A

anteroposterior

107
Q

transverse diameter

A

measured across linea terminalis

108
Q

what is the largest inlet diameter

A

transverse diameter

109
Q

oblique diameter

A

measured from right or left sacroiliac joint to prominence of the linea terminalis

110
Q

diagnal conjugate

A

distance between the suprapubic angle and sacral promotory

111
Q

obstetric conjugate

A

smallest inlet diameter. estimated by subtracting 1.5-2 cm from diagnal conjugate. the thickness of pubic bone

112
Q

what conjugate determines if a baby can pass

A

obstetric conjugate

113
Q

transverse diameter

A

largest diameter. Determines the inlet’s shape. distance between inner surgace of ischial tuberosities

114
Q

average measurement of diagonal conjugate

A

11.5 cm

115
Q

avg measurement of obstetric conjugate (true)

A

9.5-10 cm

116
Q

avg measurement of transverse

A

13.5 cm

117
Q

avg measurement of oblique

A

12.75 cm

118
Q

avg measurement of anteroposterior

A

9.5 cm

119
Q

avg measurement of biischial

A

10-12 cm

120
Q

avg measurement of posterior sagittal

A

7.5 cm

121
Q

biischial diameter is also called

A

transverse diameter

122
Q

anteroposterior measurment

A

distance between lower border of symphysis pubis and tip of sacrum. measured with vaginal exam

123
Q

sagittal diameters

A

measured from middle of transverse diameter to pubic bone anterioly and to sacrococcygeal posteriorly

124
Q

what can decrease the size of the pelvic outlet and make vaginal birth difficult

A

immobile coccyx

125
Q

Montgomery glands

  • aka
  • what are they
  • what do they do
A
  • montgomery tubercles
  • sebaceous glands in areola
  • secrete substance that lubrictes and protects breast during lactation
126
Q

How many lobes are in each breast

A

15-24

127
Q

what separates the lobes of the breast

A

adipose and fibrous tissue

128
Q

alveoli

  • aka
  • what do they do
A
  • lobules

- secrete milk

129
Q

lactiferous

  • how many are there
  • what do they do
A
  • 20

- empty the milk

130
Q

Ampullae

  • aka
  • what do they do
  • what are they
A
  • lactiferous sinuses
  • store milk
  • widened areas of alveoli
131
Q

what causes the secretion of FSH and LH

A

the hypothalamus triggers the anterior pituitary gland

132
Q

what does FSH do

A

stimulates maturation of follicle in the ovary that contains an ovum

133
Q

corpus luteum

A

the follicle left empty after the ovum is released

134
Q

what does the corpus luteum do, what does it lead to

A

produces increasing amounts of estrogen and progesterone, causes endometrium to enlarge

135
Q

What does LH do

A

stimulates final maturation and the release of the ovum

136
Q

what happens 2 days before ovulation

A

vaginal secretions increase

137
Q

Ovulation

A

when the mature ovum is released frome the follicle

138
Q

when does ovulation occur

A

14 days before the next period

139
Q

corpus luteum

A

turns yellow immediately after ovulation and secretes progesterone to prepare for fertilization

140
Q

luteinizing

A

turning yellow

141
Q

how long after ovulation does the corpus luteum take to degenerate

A

12 days

142
Q

What hormones cause periods

A

progesterone and estrogen levels dropping

143
Q

what starts the next menstrual cycle

A

anterior pituitary secretes more FSH and LH

144
Q

Menarche

A

beginning of the first menstrual cycle.

145
Q

how long does it take for a regular cycle to occur

A

6 months to 2 years after menarche

146
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle

A

28 days plus or minus 5-10 days

147
Q

how long does a period last

A

2-5 days

148
Q

how much blood is released during a period

A

30-40 mL

149
Q

how much serous fluid is released during the period

A

30-50 mL

150
Q

what prevents clots in periods

A

Fibrinolysin in the necrotic endometrium

151
Q

climacteric

A

the period of years when reporduction in women declines

152
Q

menopause

A

the final period

153
Q

phases of sexual response

A

excitement
plateau
orgasmic
resolution

154
Q

what happens during excitement

A

heart rate and BP increase, nipples erect

155
Q

What happens during plateau

A

skin flushes
erection
semen appears

156
Q

What happens during the orgasmic phase

A

involuntary muscle spasms of rectum, vagina and uterus

ejaculation

157
Q

what happens during resolution

A

penis goes limp, vitals return to normal

158
Q

what happens when the penis is stimulated

A

sends signals to sacral area of the spine

159
Q

what is stimulated to enhance sexual arousal in males

A

nerves in the prostate and scrotum

160
Q

what causes the penis to become erect

A

parasympathetic nerves relax the penile arteries which fill the shaft

161
Q

what nerves cause the urethral glands to secrete mucus and what is it’s purpose

A

parasympathetic nerves

increase sperm motility

162
Q

what happens to cause the expulsion of sperm into the urethra (emission)

A

parasympathetic nervous system contracts the vas deferens

163
Q

how long does it take sperm to reach the fallopian tube

A

5 minutes

164
Q

how long does sperm live in the female

A

4-5 days

165
Q

what causes the vagina to tighten around the penis

A

nerves from the sacral plexus return signals to the vaginal introitus, dilating and filling the arteries

166
Q

what causes the secretion of lubricating mucus in the vaginal

A

stimulation of the bartholin glands

167
Q

What stimulates contraction of the uterus

A

oxytocin secreted from the posterior pituitary

168
Q

how long does an egg live after ovulation

A

24 hrs

OB (4 decks)

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